Online Education Adaptability for South African Learners with Dyscalculia and Dyslexia using Digital Learning Methods

Main Article Content

Winiswa Mavutha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6078-3225
Ara Ramnund Mansingh https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1995-6849

Keywords

Digital tools, dyscalculia, dyslexia, education, South Africa

Abstract

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 4 defines equal and inclusive education. Countries of the global south, including South Africa, have several interventions to achieve before making headway on this goal. South Africa has a unique political and historical narrative, and almost three decades post-apartheid, there remain stark differences in school and post-school education. Amongst some of these include learners with learning disabilities. This research focuses on learners with learning disabilities, such as Dyscalculia and Dyslexia. The introduction of digital technologies within higher education institutions excludes these learners as the adaptability of digital learning techniques has not been considered for specific learning disabilities. The challenges are now heightened. Although primary studies have been conducted in the past, no definitive solutions have been established for the seamless integration of these learners into mainstream education. Hence a different research approach was undertaken.  An expansive review of existing scholarship was conducted using online academic resources and search platforms such as Google Scholar, Scopus and EBSCOhost. The purpose was to engage with a wide range of national and global literature. A discussion and comparison of available resources and tools were outlined and structured according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study was underpinned by the universal design for learning theory. Global research indicated the availability of online tools that were too expensive for South African education and incompatible with the lack of skills and infrastructure. The literature provided adequate information to develop an introductory clinical sociology intervention and embark on a process of awareness and support for educators and affected learners

Abstract 312 | PDF Downloads 226

References

Al-Barhamtoshy, H.M. & Motaweh, D.E. (2017). Diagnosis of dyslexia using computing analysis. Journal of Engineering Technology. 6(2), 462-482. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIHT.2017.7899141
Al-Sulaiti, F. (2012). The effect of the strategies of multiple-intelligences and six hats strategies and problem solving in the development of eighth grader’s scientific thinking skills in Jordan. Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies. 6(1), 80-98. https://doi.org/10.53543/jeps.vol6iss1pp80-98
Al-Zoubi, S. & Al-Adawi, F.A. (2019). Effects of instructional activities based on multiple intelligences theory on academic achievement of Omani students with dyscalculia. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists. 7(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.17478/jegys.515102
Al-Zoubi, S. & Al-Qahtani, M. (2015). The effects of token reinforcement on reducing symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivities disorders among students with learning disabilities. Jordan Journal of Educational Science. 11(3), 373-386.
Al-Zoubi, S.M. & Rahman, M.S.B.A. (2017). Social empowerment of individuals with intellectual disabilities. European Journal of Education Studies. 3(9), 178.
Al-Zyoud, N. & Nemrawi, Z. (2015). The efficiency of multiple intelligence theory (MIT) in developing the academic achievement and academic-self of students with mathematical learning disabilities in the areas of addition, subtraction and multiplication. American International Journal of Social Science. 4(2), 171-180.
Ambusaidi, A. (2009). The effect of teaching strategies based on multiple intelligence theory on academic achievement and alternative conceptions in chemistry. Journal of King Saud University - Educational Sciences and Islamic Studies. 21(1), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1018-3639(18)30521-X
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5 (R). 5th ed. Arlington, TX: American Psychiatric Association Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Andrews, D., Walton, E., & Osman, R. (2021). Constraints to the implementation of inclusive teaching: A cultural historical activity theory approach. International Journal of Inclusive Education. 25(13), 1508-1523. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2019.1620880
Armstrong, T. (2018). Multiple intelligences in the classroom. 4th ed. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development.
Badat, S. (2010). The challenges of transformation in higher education and training institutions in South Africa. Development Bank of Southern Africa. 8(1), 1-37.
Batdi, V. (2017). The effect of multiple intelligences on academic achievement: A meta analytic and thematic study. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice. 17, 2057-2092.
Beacham, N. & Trott, C. (2005). Screening for dyscalculia within HE. MSOR Connections. 5(1). https://doi.org/10.11120/msor.2005.05010004
Belyakov, A., Cremonini, L., Mfusi, M., & Rippner, J. (2009). The effects of transitions on access to higher education. Washington, DC: Institute for Higher Education Policy.
Boddy-Evans, A. (2020). School enrolment in apartheid era South Africa. https://www.thoughtco.com/school-enrollment-in-apartheid-south-africa-43437#:~:text=In%201982%2C%20the%20Apartheid%20government,of%20teaching%20staff%20also%20differed Accessed 30 April 2023.
Bradshaw, D.G. (2020). Examining beliefs and practices of students with hidden disabilities and universal design for learning in institutions of higher education. Journal of Higher Education Theory & Practice. 20(15). https://doi.org/10.33423/jhetp.v20i15.3933
CAPS 123. (2023). Understanding school fees and quintiles in South African public schools. https://caps123.co.za/understanding-school-fees-and-quintiles-in-south-african-public-schools/#:~:text=The%20quintile%20system%20in%20South,that%20may%20not%20charge%20fees Accessed 2 February 2023.
Cary, R. (2004). Chapter 5: Howard Gardner’’s theory of visual-spatial intelligence: A critical retheorising. Counterpoints. 278, 84-118.
Cerruti, C. (2013). Building a functional multiple intelligences theory to advance educational neuroscience. Frontiers in Psychology. 4, 950. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00950
Cumming, T.M. & Rose, M.C. (2022). Exploring universal design for learning as an accessibility tool in higher education: A review of the current literature. Australian Educational Researcher. 49(5), 1025-1043. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-021-00471-7
DBSA. (n.d.). Socio-economic factors that challenge SA’s education system. https://www.dbsa.org/article/socio-economic-factors-challenge-sas-education-system Accessed 25 June 2023.
Department of Education. (1996). Green paper on higher education transformation. Department of Education. South Africa.
Department of Education. (1997). Education white paper 3: Programme for the transformation of higher education. https://www.education.gov.za/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=jc97Bom2utk%3d&tabid=191&portalid=0&mid=484 Accessed 4 May 2023.
Department of Education. (2001). White paper 6: Special needs education. https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/educ61.pdf Accessed 4 May 2023.
Desoete, A., Roeyers, H., & De Clercq, A. (2004). Children with mathematics learning disabilities in Belgium. Journal of Learning Disabilities. 37(1), 50-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222194040370010601
DuPaul, G.J., Dahlstrom-Hakki, I., Gormley, M.J., Fu, Q., Pinho, T.D., & Banerjee, M. (2017). College students with ADHD and LD: Effects of support services on academic performance. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice. 32(4), 246-256. https://doi.org/10.1111/ldrp.12143
Dymora, P. & Niemiec, K. (2019). Gamification as a supportive tool for school children with dyslexia. Informatics. 6(4), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics6040048
Elliott, J.G. & Grigorenko, E.L. (2014). Cambridge studies in cognitive and perceptual development: The dyslexia debate series number 14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Emerson, J. & Babtie, P. (2015). Understanding dyscalculia and numeracy difficulties: A guide for parents, teachers and other professionals. London: Jessica Kingsley.
Falloon, G. (2010). Using avatars and virtual environments in learning: What do they have to offer? British Journal of Educational Technology. 41(1), 108-122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2009.00991.x
Ferraz, F., Costa, A., Alves, V., Vicente, H., Neves, J., & Neves, J. (2017). Gaming in dyscalculia: A review on disMAT. Recent Advances in Information Systems and Technologies. 2(5), 232-241. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56538-5_25
Fortes, I.S., Paula, C.S., Oliveira, M.C., Bordin, IA, de Jesus Mari, J., & Rohde, L.A. (2016). A cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence of DSM-5 specific learning disorders in representative school samples from the second to sixth grade in Brazil. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 25, 195-207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-015-0708-2
Gardner, H. (2006). Multiple intelligences: New horizons. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Gavish, B. (2017). Four profiles of inclusive supportive teachers: Perceptions of their status and role in implementing inclusion of students with special needs in general classrooms. Teaching and Teacher Education. 61, 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.10.004
Gibson, S. (2015). When rights are not enough: What is? Moving towards new pedagogy for inclusive education within UK universities. International Journal of Inclusive Education. 19(8), 875-886. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2015.1015177
Gouws, F.E. (2007). Teaching and learning through multiple intelligences in the outcomes-based education classroom. Africa Education Review. 4(2), 60-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/18146620701652705
Government Communication and Information Systems. (2018). Official guide to SA education 2018/2019 https://www.gcis.gov.za/sites/default/files/docs/resourcecentre/pocketguide/2012/09-Education-2018-19%28print%29%20.pdf Accessed 4 May 2023.
Gualano, R.J., Jiang, L., Zhang, K., Won, A.S., & Azenkot, S. (2023). Invisible illness is no longer invisible: Making social VR avatars more inclusive for invisible disability representation. In Proceedings of the 25th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (1-4). https://doi.org/10.1145/3597638.3614480
Hakem, O. & Bekri, A. (2018). The effectiveness of an educational program based on multiple intelligences theory to address learning disabilities in mathematics among elementary students. Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences. 6(1), 102-128.
Heiman, T. (2007). Social support networks, stress, sense of coherence and academic success of university students with learning disabilities. Social Psychology of Education: An International Journal. 9(4), 461-478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-006-9007-6
International Dyslexia Association. (2002). Definition of dyslexia. https://dyslexiaida.org/definition-of-dyslexia/ Accessed 7 June 2023.
Jamaludin, Z., Husni, H., & Alobaedy, M.M. (2018). In search for a viable pedagogical agent in assistive applications for dyslexic children. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences. 10(6S), 1757-1770.
Jumareng, H., Setiawan, E., Asmuddin, A., Rahadian, A., & Gazali, N. (2022). Online learning for children with disabilities during the COVID-19: Investigating parents’ perceptions. Online Learning. 2. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2022.4926
Kariyawasam, R., Nadeeshani, M., Hamid, T., Subasinghe, I., & Ratnayake, P. (2019). A gamified approach for screening and intervention of dyslexia, dysgraphia and dyscalculia. In 2019 International Conference on Advancements in Computing (ICAC) (156-161). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAC49085.2019.9103336
Klein, P.D. (1997). Multiplying the problems of intelligence by eight: A critique of Gardner’s theory. Canadian Journal of Education/Revue canadienne de l’education. 22(4), 377-394. https://doi.org/10.2307/1585790
Koc, B. (2018). An actıon research on teachıng addıtıon and subtractıon to students wıth dyscalculia. Ph.D Thesis. Konya: Necmettin Erbakan University.
Kowalsky, R. & Fresko, B. (2002). Peer tutoring for college students with disabilities. Higher Education Research & Development. 21(3), 259-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/0729436022000020760
Kucian K. & Von Aster, M. (2015). Developmental dyscalculia. European Journal of Pediatrics. 174, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-014-2455-7
Kularathna, T.C.P., Kuruppuarachchi, L.C., Wijekoon, W.M.S.S., Kulamini, W.A.M., Samarasingha, R.N., & Tharanga, D. (2014). Yalu: Computer game based solution to screen learning disabilities in kids. Malabe: Institute of Information Technology.
Kunwar, R. (2021). Impacts of dyscalculia in learning mathematics: Some considerations for content delivery and support. In S. Misciagna (Ed.). Learning Disabilities-Neurobiology, Assessment, Clinical Features and Treatments. London: IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99038
Landerl, K., Fussenegger, B., Moll, K., & Willburger, E. (2009). Dyslexia and dyscalculia: Two learning disorders with different cognitive profiles. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 103(3), 309-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2009.03.006
Landerl, K., Vogel, S.E., & Grabner, R.H. (2021). Early neurocognitive development of dyscalculia. In W. Fias & A. Henik (Eds.). Heterogeneous contributions to numerical cognition (359-382). London: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817414-2.00011-7
Lerner, J.W. & Johns, B. (2012). Learning disabilities and related mild disabilities. 12th ed. Mason, OH: CENGAGE Learning Custom Publishing.
Lipka, O., Forkosh Baruch, A., & Meer, Y. (2019). Academic support model for post-secondary school students with learning disabilities: Student and instructor perceptions. International Journal of Inclusive Education. 23(2), 142-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2018.1427151
Mahmoud, A. & Almaharmah, L. (2014). The level of multiple intelligences among special education teachers in Jordan. Dirasat: Educational Sciences. 41(1).
Mahmud, M.S., Zainal, M.S., Rosli, R., & Maat, S.M. (2020). Dyscalculia: What we must know about students’ learning disability in mathematics? Universal Journal of Educational Research. 8(12B), 8214-8222. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2020.082625
Mapesela, M. & Hay, H.R. (2005). Through the magnifying glass: A descriptive theoretical analysis of the possible impact of the South African higher education policies on academic staff and their job satisfaction. Higher Education. 50(1), 111-128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-004-6358-9

Maskati, E., Alkeraiem, F., Khalil, N., Baik, R., Aljuhani, R., & Alsobhi, A. (2021). Using virtual reality (VR) in teaching students with dyslexia. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (IJET). 16(9), 291-305. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v16i09.19653
McCoach, D.B., Kehle, T.J., Bray, M.A., & Siegle, D. (2004). The identification of gifted students with learning disabilities: Challenges, controversies, and promising practices. In T.M. Newman & R.J. Sternberg (Eds.). Students with both gifts and learning disabilities: Identification, assessment, and outcomes (31-47). New Haven, CT: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9116-4_3
Miundy, K., Zaman, H.B., Nordin, A., & Ng, K.H. (2019). Screening test on dyscalculia learners to develop a suitable augmented reality (AR) assistive learning application. Malaysian Journal of Computer Science, 92-107. https://doi.org/10.22452/mjcs.sp2019no1.7
Moll, K., Landerl, K., Snowling, M.J., & Schulte-Körne, G. (2019). Understanding comorbidity of learning disorders: Task-dependent estimates of prevalence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 60(3), 286-294. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12965
Moreau, D., Stonyer, J.E., McKay, N.S., & Waldie, K.E. (2018). No evidence for systematic white matter correlates of dyslexia: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Brain Research. 1683, 36-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2018.01.014
Moriña, A. (2017). Inclusive education in higher education: Challenges and opportunities. European Journal of Special Needs Education. 32(1), 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2016.1254964
Mosbiran, N.F., Mustafa, M.Z., Nordin, M.N., Ismail, A.F., Feisal, M., Akim, T., Abenoh, N.A., & Saimy, I.S. (2021). Analysis of the study of individual education plans in special education. Review of International Geographical Education Online. 11(7).
Mutanga, O. (2017). Students with disabilities’ experience in South African higher education - A synthesis of literature. South African Journal of Higher Education. 31(1), 135-154. https://doi.org/10.20853/31-1-1596
National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities. (1990). Definition of learning disabilities. www.njcldonline.org Accessed 7 June 2023.
Nicolson, R.I. & Fawcett, A.J. (2021). Mathematics disability vs. learning disability: A 360 degree analysis. Frontiers in Psychology. 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.725694
Ogbonnaya, U.I. & Awuah, F.K. (2019). Quintile ranking of schools in South Africa and learners’ achievement in probability. Statistics Education Research Journal. 18(1), 106-119. https://doi.org/10.52041/serj.v18i1.153
Pellas, N. & Christopoulos, A. (2022). The effects of machinima on communication skills in students with developmental dyslexia. Education Sciences. 12(10), 684. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12100684
Perea, M., Jiménez, M., Suárez-Coalla, P., Fernández, N., Viña, C., & Cuetos, F. (2014). Ability for voice recognition is a marker for dyslexia in children. Experimental Psychology. 61(6), 480-487. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000265
Poobrasert, O. & Gestubtim, W. (2013). Development of assistive technology for students with dyscalculia. 2013 Second International Conference on E-Learning and E-Technologies in Education (ICEEE). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICeLeTE.2013.6644348
Porter, S.G., Greene, K., & Esposito, M.C.K. (2021). Access and inclusion of students with disabilities in virtual learning environments: Implications for post-pandemic teaching. International Journal of Multicultural Education. 23(3), 43-61. https://doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v23i3.3011
Rath, K.A. & Royer, J.M. (2002). The nature and effectiveness of learning disability services for college students. Educational Psychology Review. 14(4), 353-381. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020694510935
Reed, M.J., Kennett, D.J., Lewis, T., Lund-Lucas, E., Stallberg, C., & Newbold, I.L. (2009). The relative effects of university success courses and individualised interventions for students with learning disabilities. Higher Education Research & Development. 28(4), 385-400. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360903067013
Reigosa-Crespo, V., Valdés-Sosa, M., Butterworth, B., Estévez, N., Rodríguez, M., Santos, E., Torres, P., Suárez, R., & Lage, A. (2012). Basic numerical capacities and prevalence of developmental dyscalculia: The Havana survey. Developmental Psychology. 48(1), 123. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025356
Ryan, J. (2007). Learning disabilities in Australian universities: Hidden, ignored, and unwelcome. Journal of Learning Disabilities. 40(5), 436-442. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222194070400050701
Saban, A. (2011). An evaluation of the teaching activities implemented in the elementary science and technology courses in terms of multiple intelligence theory: A sample from Adana. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice. 11(3), 1641-1649.
Seedat-Khan, M. & Ramnund-Mansingh, A. (2022). The sociology of a COVID-19 virtual university. In U.Rana & J.Govender (Eds.). Exploring the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic (417-442). New York, NY: Apple Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003277286-25
Singal, V. & Bakre, S. (2021). Gamification as a remedy for dyscalculia. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET). 8(2), 1986-1999.
Snowling, M.J., Hulme, C., & Nation, K. (2020). Defining and understanding dyslexia: Past, present and future. Oxford Review of Education. 46(4), 501-513. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2020.1765756
Stofile, S.Y., Green, L., & Soudien, C. (2018). Inclusive education in South Africa. In P. Engelbrecht & L. Green (Eds.). Responding to the challenges of inclusive education in southern Africa (75-90). Pretoria: Van Schaik.
Supratiwi, M., Yusuf, M., & Anggarani, F.K. (2021). Mapping the challenges in distance learning for students with disabilities during COVID-19 pandemic: Survey of special education teachers. International Journal of Pedagogy and Teacher Education. 5(1), 11-18. https://doi.org/10.20961/ijpte.v5i1.45970
Thapar, A., Cooper, M., & Rutter, M. (2017). Neurodevelopmental disorders. The Lancet Psychiatry. 4(4), 339-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30376-5
UNESCO. (1994). The Salamanca statement and framework for action on special needs education. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000098427 Accessed 9 September 2023.
UNESCO. (2021). Towards inclusion in education: Status, trends and challenges. The UNESCO Salamanca statement 25 years on. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000374246 Accessed 9 September 2023.
UNICEF. (2017). Inclusive education: Understanding Article 24 of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. https://www.unicef.org/eca/sites/unicef.org.eca/files/IE_summary_accessible_220917_0.pdf Accessed 22 August 2023.
Vanjari, N., Bakre, S., Parmar, R., & Singal, V. (2020). Technological aids for dyscalculic children. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Advances in Science & Technology (ICAST). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3564540
Vincent, L. & Chiwandire, D. (2019). Funding and inclusion in higher education institutions for students with disabilities. African Journal of Disability. 8(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.4102/ajod.v7i0.518
Vogel, S.A., Murray, C., Wren, C., & Adelman, P.B. (2007). An exploratory analysis of employment-related experiences of educators with learning disabilities. Educational Considerations. 34(2), 15. https://doi.org/10.4148/0146-9282.1206
Walton, E. & Rusznyak, L. (2014). Affordances and limitations of a special school practicum as a means to prepare pre-service teachers for inclusive education. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 18(9), 957-974. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2013.872203
White, J. (2005). Howard Gardner: The myth of multiple intelligences. Institute of Education, University of London.
Winter, E. & O’Raw, P. (2010). Literature review of the principles and practices relating to inclusive education for children with special educational needs. Trim: National Council for Special Education.