Media and the Case of State Capture in South Africa: How Independent Outlets Aided Whistleblowers in Communicating their Messages
Main Article Content
Keywords
Independent media, whistleblowers, state capture, South Africa
Abstract
State capture, which is when private actors influence the state through illegal and non-transparent forms, significantly impacted South Africa’s socio-political landscape during Jacob Zuma’s presidency. This transpired largely because of an unethical nexus that formed around Zuma, those in government loyal to him, and the powerful business family – the Guptas. These revelations came to the fore because of independent media, which focused on exposing the illicit relationships driving state capture. Independent media was reliant on whistleblowers to communicate a complete narrative, which resulted in a mutually beneficial collaboration between independent media and whistleblowers. A qualitative research approach employing two methods was utilised to examine this collaboration. The dominant source of information arose from semi-structured interviews conducted with whistleblowers and independent media outlet affiliates. This data was further supplemented with document analysis. This study found that independent media played a crucial role in providing support to state capture whistleblowers. Support occurred in three forms, namely: defensive; emotional; and offensive support. Defensive support entailed legal, financial and security aid. Emotional support was provided in the form of informal counselling. Offensive support entailed using media exposure to make the whistleblowers’ narratives public, as well as mediating between whistleblowers and official commissions of inquiry.
References
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Djordjevic, I. & Stone, D. (2023). “State captured” policy advice? Think tanks as expert advisors in the Western Balkans. Policy and Society. 42(3), 334-346. https://doi.org/10.1093/polsoc/puad021
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Lodge, T. (1998). Political Corruption in South Africa. African Affairs. 97(387), 157-187. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007924
Longhurst, K. (2016). Implementing the DCFTA in the Context of State Capture: Assessing the Position of Small and Medium Enterprises. Eastern Journal of European Studies. 7(2), 145-164.
Madonsela, T. (2016). State of Capture. Report No: 6 of 2016/17. Pretoria: A Report of the Public Protector.
Makhaye, C. (2024). How Zuma’s MK party ruthlessly outmanoeuvred the ANC in KZN. Daily Maverick, 3 June. URL: https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2024-06-03-how-zumas-mk-party-ruthlessly-outmanoeuvred-the-anc-in-kzn/#:~:text=The%20MK%20party%E2%80%99s%20rise%20in%20just%20six%20months%20from%20nowhere.
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Mavuso, S. (2020). Everything you need to know about the Zuma ’Arms Deal’ corruption case. Independent Online, 5 December. URL: https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-zuma-arms-deal-corruption-case-5c960f5f-d4dd-4839-9e25-b5ea36d83ff3.
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Mcintosh, J. (2017). South Africa’s power family, the Guptas. Deutsche Well, 8 August. URL: https://www.dw.com/en/south-africas-power-family-the-guptas-what-you-need-to-know/a-40004896.
Merten, M. (2019). State Capture wipes out third of SA’s R4.9-trillion GDP – never mind lost trust, confidence, opportunity. Daily Maverick, 1 March. URL: https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-03-01-state-capture-wipes-out-third-of-sas-r4-9-trillion-gdp-never-mind-lost-trust-confidence-opportunity/.
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Near, J.P. & Miceli, M.P. (1985). Organizational Dissidence: The Case of Whistleblowing. Journal of Business Ethics. 4, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00382668
Oelrich, S. (2023). I Report if They Report: The Role of Media in Whistleblowing Intentions on Fraud and Corruption. In Gabbioneta, C., Clemente, M. & Greenwood, R. (eds.). Organizational Wrongdoing as the “Foundational” Grand Challenge: Consequences and Impact (Research in the Sociology of Organizations, Vol. 85). Leeds: Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0733-558X20230000085006
Park, H., Blenkinsopp, J., Oktem, M.K. & Omurgonulsen, U. (2008). Cultural Orientation and Attitudes toward Different Forms of Whistleblowing: A Comparison of South Korea, Turkey, and the U.K. Journal of Business Ethics. 82(4), 929-939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9603-1
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Pavlović, D. (2023). How to approach state capture in post-communist Europe. A new research agenda. Journal of Contemporary European Studies. 31(3), 960-978. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2022.2106951
Radulovic, U. & Uys, T. (2021). South Africa’s State of Capture: The Role of Whistleblowers and Civil Society in Exposing Wrongdoing. In Kierans, L., Lewis, D. & Vandekerckhove, W. (eds.). Selected Papers from the International Whistleblowing Research Network Conference at Maynooth University. London: The International Whistleblowing Research Network. https://doi.org/10.15249/17-1-333
Radulovic, U. (2023)a. The predicament of the unprotected: Why lack-lustre legislation fails South African whistleblowers. African Journal of Business Ethics. 17(1), 54-75.
Radulovic, U. (2023)b. The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance? Whistleblowing within the Context of State Capture in South Africa. The Thinker. 97(4), 101-115. https://doi.org/10.36615/the_thinker.v97i4.2863
Radulovic, U. (2024). Motives and Identities: Why South African Whistleblowers Spoke out About State Capture. Administratio Publica. 32(2), 50-72. https://doi.org/10.61967/adminpub/2024.32.2.5
Schreier, M. (2018). Sampling and Generalization. In Flick, U. (ed.). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Collection. London and Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Limited and SAGE Publications Incorporated. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526416070.n6
Schwella, E. (2001). Public Sector Policy in the New South Africa: A Critical Review. Public Performance & Management Review. 24(4), 367-388. https://doi.org/10.2307/3381225
Smith, N. & Thomas, E. (2015). The Role of Foreign Direct Investment and State Capture in Shaping Innovation Outcome in Russia. Europe-Asia Studies. 67(5), 777-808. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2015.1042430
South Africa, Republic of (2000). Protected Disclosures Act No. 26 of 2000, 7 August. Cape Town: Government Gazette 422(21453).
South Africa, Republic of (2017). Protected Disclosures Amendment Act No. 5 of 2017, 2 August. Cape Town: Government Gazette 626(41016).
Trantidis, A. & Tsagkroni, V. (2017). Clientelism and Corruption: Institutional Adaptation of State Capture Strategies in View of Resource Scarcity in Greece. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 19(2), 263-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148117700658
Tudoroiu, T. (2015). Democracy and State Capture in Moldova. Democratization. 22(4), 655-678. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2013.868438
Uys, T. (2022). Whistleblowing and the Sociological Imagination. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-39445-3
Van Vuuren, H. (2017). Apartheid, Guns and Money: A Tale of Profit. Auckland Park, Johannesburg: Jacana Media.
Vandekerckhove, W. & Phillips, A. (2019). Whistleblowing as a Protracted Process: A Study of UK Whistleblower Journeys. Journal of Business Ethics. 159, 201-219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3727-8
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Zhang, J., Pany, K. & Reckers, M.J. (2013). Under Which Conditions Are Whistleblowing ‘‘Best Practices’’ Best? Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory. 32(3), 171-181. https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-50451
AmaBhungane: Centre for Investigative Journalism. (2018). Interview of #GuptaLeaks whistleblowers, 15 August. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttSL-LYppiY&t=456s.
Babbie, E. & Mouton, J. (2001). The Practice of Social Research. Cape Town: Oxford University Press Sothern Africa.
Bagashka, T. (2014). Unpacking Corruption: The Effect of Veto Players on State Capture and Bureaucratic Corruption. Political Research Quarterly. 67(1), 165-180. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912913492584
Basson, A. & du Toit, P. (2017). Enemy of the People: How Jacob Zuma Stole South Africa and How the People Fought Back. Jeppestown, Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers.
Basson, A. (2012). Zuma Exposed. Johannesburg & Cape Town: Jonathan Ball Publishers.
Bezuidenhout, J. (2017). How to bleed a whistle-blower dry. Mail & Guardian, 17 March. URL: https://mg.co.za/article/2017-03-17-00-how-to-bleed-a-whistle-blower-dry/.
Bhorat, H., Buthelezi, M., Chipkin, I., Duma, S., Mondi, L., Peter, C., Qobo, M., Swilling, M. & Friedenstein, H. (2017). Betrayal of the Promise: How South Africa is Being Stolen. Stellenbosch: State Capacity Research Project.
Brown, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology. 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Brunetti, A. & Weder, B. (2003). A free press is bad news for corruption. Journal of Public Economics. 87, 1801-1824. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(01)00186-4
Bryman, A. (2012). Social Research Methods (4th edition). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Buthelezi, L. (2020). More Gupta businesses must reinstate fired business rescue practitioners, SCA rules. News24, 9 December. URL: https://www.news24.com/Fin24/more-gupta-businesses-must-reinstate-fired-business-rescue-practitioners-sca-rules-20201209.
Castleberry, A. & Nolen, A. (2018). Thematic analysis of qualitative research data: Is it as easy as it sounds? Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning. 10(6), 807-815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2018.03.019
DávidBarrett, E. (2023). State capture and development: a conceptual framework. Journal of International Relations and Development. 26, 224-244. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-023-00290-6
Davis, R. (2018). #GuptaLeaks whistle-blowers speak out for the first time. Daily Maverick, 15 August. URL: https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-08-15-guptaleaks-whistle-blowers-speak-out-for-the-first-time/.
Desai, A. (2018). The Zuma Moment: Between Tender-based Capitalists and Radical Economic Transformation. Journal of Contemporary African Studies. 36(4), 499-513. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2018.1522424
Djordjevic, I. & Stone, D. (2023). “State captured” policy advice? Think tanks as expert advisors in the Western Balkans. Policy and Society. 42(3), 334-346. https://doi.org/10.1093/polsoc/puad021
Dowling, M. (2006). Approaches to reflexivity in qualitative research. Nurse Researcher. 13(3), 7-21. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr2006.04.13.3.7.c5975
Fazekas, M. & Tóth, I.J. (2016). From Corruption to State Capture: A New Analytical Framework with Empirical Applications from Hungary. Political Research Quarterly. 69(2), 320-334. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912916639137
Forsyth, D.R. (2014). Group Dynamics (6th edition). New York, NY: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
Head, T. (2018). Whistleblowers behind #GuptaLeaks reveal Zuma pushed them over the edge. The South African, 16 August. URL: https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/whistleblowers-guptaleaks-zuma/.
Hogg, A. (2019). True cost of State Capture incalculable – a shocking reprise. BizNews, 1 March. URL: https://www.biznews.com/leadership/2019/03/01/true-cost-state-capture-incalculable.
Hyslop, J. (2005). Political Corruption: Before and after Apartheid. Journal of Southern African Studies. 31(4), 773-789. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070500370555
Kekana, M. (2018). Zondo commission receives #GuptaLeaks hard drives as evidence, with conditions. Mail & Guardian, 28 September. URL: https://mg.co.za/article/2018-09-28-zondo-commission-receives-guptaleaks-hard-drives-as-evidence-with-conditions/.
Lodge, T. (1998). Political Corruption in South Africa. African Affairs. 97(387), 157-187. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007924
Longhurst, K. (2016). Implementing the DCFTA in the Context of State Capture: Assessing the Position of Small and Medium Enterprises. Eastern Journal of European Studies. 7(2), 145-164.
Madonsela, T. (2016). State of Capture. Report No: 6 of 2016/17. Pretoria: A Report of the Public Protector.
Makhaye, C. (2024). How Zuma’s MK party ruthlessly outmanoeuvred the ANC in KZN. Daily Maverick, 3 June. URL: https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2024-06-03-how-zumas-mk-party-ruthlessly-outmanoeuvred-the-anc-in-kzn/#:~:text=The%20MK%20party%E2%80%99s%20rise%20in%20just%20six%20months%20from%20nowhere.
Martić, M. (2021). Protection of the Rule of Law through Whistleblowing. Regional Law Review. 2(4), 65-80. https://doi.org/10.18485/iup_rlrc.2021.2.ch4
Mavuso, S. (2020). Everything you need to know about the Zuma ’Arms Deal’ corruption case. Independent Online, 5 December. URL: https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-zuma-arms-deal-corruption-case-5c960f5f-d4dd-4839-9e25-b5ea36d83ff3.
Mbaku, J.M. (2018). Rule of Law, State Capture, and Human Development in Africa. American University International Law Review. 33(4), 771-836.
Mcintosh, J. (2017). South Africa’s power family, the Guptas. Deutsche Well, 8 August. URL: https://www.dw.com/en/south-africas-power-family-the-guptas-what-you-need-to-know/a-40004896.
Merten, M. (2019). State Capture wipes out third of SA’s R4.9-trillion GDP – never mind lost trust, confidence, opportunity. Daily Maverick, 1 March. URL: https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-03-01-state-capture-wipes-out-third-of-sas-r4-9-trillion-gdp-never-mind-lost-trust-confidence-opportunity/.
Mlambo, V.H., Simangele, K. & Mpanza, S. (2023). Governance and Corruption in South Africa’s Public Sector: The Road Ahead. Artha – Journal of Social Sciences. 22(3), 1-23.
Moberly, R. (2014). ‘To persons or organizations that may be able to effect action’: Whistleblowing recipients. In Brown, A.J., Lewis, D., Moberly, R. & Vandekerckhove, W. (eds.). International Handbook on Whistleblowing Research. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781006795.00020
Myburgh, P-L. (2017). The Republic of Gupta: A Story of State Capture. Cape Town: Penguin Random House South Africa.
Near, J.P. & Miceli, M.P. (1985). Organizational Dissidence: The Case of Whistleblowing. Journal of Business Ethics. 4, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00382668
Oelrich, S. (2023). I Report if They Report: The Role of Media in Whistleblowing Intentions on Fraud and Corruption. In Gabbioneta, C., Clemente, M. & Greenwood, R. (eds.). Organizational Wrongdoing as the “Foundational” Grand Challenge: Consequences and Impact (Research in the Sociology of Organizations, Vol. 85). Leeds: Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0733-558X20230000085006
Park, H., Blenkinsopp, J., Oktem, M.K. & Omurgonulsen, U. (2008). Cultural Orientation and Attitudes toward Different Forms of Whistleblowing: A Comparison of South Korea, Turkey, and the U.K. Journal of Business Ethics. 82(4), 929-939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9603-1
Pauw, J. (2017). The President’s Keepers: Those Keeping Zuma in Power and out of Prison. Cape Town: Tafelberg.
Pavlović, D. (2023). How to approach state capture in post-communist Europe. A new research agenda. Journal of Contemporary European Studies. 31(3), 960-978. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2022.2106951
Radulovic, U. & Uys, T. (2021). South Africa’s State of Capture: The Role of Whistleblowers and Civil Society in Exposing Wrongdoing. In Kierans, L., Lewis, D. & Vandekerckhove, W. (eds.). Selected Papers from the International Whistleblowing Research Network Conference at Maynooth University. London: The International Whistleblowing Research Network. https://doi.org/10.15249/17-1-333
Radulovic, U. (2023)a. The predicament of the unprotected: Why lack-lustre legislation fails South African whistleblowers. African Journal of Business Ethics. 17(1), 54-75.
Radulovic, U. (2023)b. The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance? Whistleblowing within the Context of State Capture in South Africa. The Thinker. 97(4), 101-115. https://doi.org/10.36615/the_thinker.v97i4.2863
Radulovic, U. (2024). Motives and Identities: Why South African Whistleblowers Spoke out About State Capture. Administratio Publica. 32(2), 50-72. https://doi.org/10.61967/adminpub/2024.32.2.5
Schreier, M. (2018). Sampling and Generalization. In Flick, U. (ed.). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Collection. London and Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Limited and SAGE Publications Incorporated. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526416070.n6
Schwella, E. (2001). Public Sector Policy in the New South Africa: A Critical Review. Public Performance & Management Review. 24(4), 367-388. https://doi.org/10.2307/3381225
Smith, N. & Thomas, E. (2015). The Role of Foreign Direct Investment and State Capture in Shaping Innovation Outcome in Russia. Europe-Asia Studies. 67(5), 777-808. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2015.1042430
South Africa, Republic of (2000). Protected Disclosures Act No. 26 of 2000, 7 August. Cape Town: Government Gazette 422(21453).
South Africa, Republic of (2017). Protected Disclosures Amendment Act No. 5 of 2017, 2 August. Cape Town: Government Gazette 626(41016).
Trantidis, A. & Tsagkroni, V. (2017). Clientelism and Corruption: Institutional Adaptation of State Capture Strategies in View of Resource Scarcity in Greece. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 19(2), 263-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148117700658
Tudoroiu, T. (2015). Democracy and State Capture in Moldova. Democratization. 22(4), 655-678. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2013.868438
Uys, T. (2022). Whistleblowing and the Sociological Imagination. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-39445-3
Van Vuuren, H. (2017). Apartheid, Guns and Money: A Tale of Profit. Auckland Park, Johannesburg: Jacana Media.
Vandekerckhove, W. & Phillips, A. (2019). Whistleblowing as a Protracted Process: A Study of UK Whistleblower Journeys. Journal of Business Ethics. 159, 201-219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3727-8
Vandekerckhove, W. (2010). European whistleblower protection: tiers or tears? In Lewis, D (ed.). A global approach to public interest disclosure: What can we learn from Existing Whistleblowing Legislation and Research? Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849806978.00010
Wiener, M. (2011). Killing Kebble: An Underworld Exposed. Northlands, Johannesburg: Pan Macmillan South Africa.
WikiLeaks. (2015). What is WikiLeaks. URL: https://wikileaks.org/What-is-WikiLeaks.html.
World Bank, The. (2000). Anticorruption in Transition: A Contribution to the Policy Debate. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank.
Zhang, J., Pany, K. & Reckers, M.J. (2013). Under Which Conditions Are Whistleblowing ‘‘Best Practices’’ Best? Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory. 32(3), 171-181. https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-50451
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Media and the Case of State Capture in South Africa: How Independent Outlets Aided Whistleblowers in Communicating their Messages. (2024). Clinical Sociology Review, 19(2), 49-79. https://doi.org/10.36615/wkhq0608
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Media and the Case of State Capture in South Africa: How Independent Outlets Aided Whistleblowers in Communicating their Messages. (2024). Clinical Sociology Review, 19(2), 49-79. https://doi.org/10.36615/wkhq0608