The use of research by public relations practitioners: A study of selected organisations in Ghana

A study of selected organisations in Ghana

Albert Anani-Bossman
Pentecost University College
Fortune Tella
Christian Service University College
Share:

How to Cite

The use of research by public relations practitioners: A study of selected organisations in Ghana. (2022). Communicare: Journal for Communication Studies in Africa, 36(2), 55-74. https://doi.org/10.36615/jcsa.v36i2.1569
  • Articles
  • Submited: October 11, 2022
  • Published: October 13, 2022

Abstract

The importance of research by public relations practitioners has been highlighted by leading scholars
in most developed countries. However, studies show that the use of research by practitioners
is more talked about than actually done. In Ghana, little is known about how practitioners use
research. This paper therefore attempts to add to the limited literature by investigating whether
public relations (PR) practice in Ghana is informed by research. Data was collected from 93 PR
practitioners using a survey. The results suggest that although research is used by practitioners,
the emphasis appears to be on media monitoring and content analysis. The implication is that
research cannot be fully appreciated if it is based solely on the amount of publicity received.
The value of PR in the eyes of management can only be enhanced if emphasis is placed on the
impact and outcome of research. Practitioners must therefore use a more scientific approach in
their research activities.

References

  1. Anderson, F. W., Hadley, L., Rockland, D., & Weiner, M. (2009). Guidelines for setting measurable public relations objectives: an update. Retrieved February 2, 2017, from www.instituteforpr.org/files/uploads/Setting_PR_Objectives.pdf
  2. Austin, E. W., & Pinkleton, B. E. (2006). Strategic public relations management planning and managing effective communication programs. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  3. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410616555
  4. Baskin, O., Hahn, J., Seaman, S., & Reines, D. (2010). Perceived effectiveness and implementation of public relations measurement and evaluation tools among European providers and consumers of PR services. Public Relations Review, 36(2). 105-111.
  5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.02.002
  6. Bowen, S. A., Rawlins, B., & Martin, T. (2012). Mastering public relations. Retrieved, November 16, 2016 from: http://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com /catalog/editions/bowen-masteringpublic-relations-1-0
  7. Braun, S. L. (2007). The effects of the political environment on public relations in Bulgaria. Journal of Public Relations Research, 19, 199-228.
  8. https://doi.org/10.1080/10627260701331747
  9. Broom, G., & Dozier, D. (1990). Using research in public relations: Applications to program management. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  10. Broom, M, & Sha, B. 2012. Cutlip & Center's Effective Public Relations (11th ed). Harlow: Pearson.
  11. Butterick, K. 2011. Introducing public relations: Theory and practice. London. Sage.
  12. Center, A. H., & Jackson, P. (2003). Public relations practices: Managerial case studies and problems (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  13. Cutler, A. (2004). Methodical failure: The use of case study method by public relations researchers. Public Relations Review, 30(3), 365-375.
  14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2004.05.008
  15. Cutlip, S. M., Center, A. H., & Broom, G. M. (2006). Effective public relations, 9th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  16. Dozier, M. D. (1990). The innovation of research in public relations. In L. A. Grunig & J. E. Grunig (eds.), Public relations practice: A review of a programme of studies. Public relations research annual. Vol. 2. London: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  17. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr0201-4_1
  18. Dozier M. D., & Repper, F. C. (1992). Research firms and PR practices. In J. E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in public relations and communication management. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  19. English, L. (2005). Public relations research in the real world of business. Retrieved November 16, 2016 from: http://english-communications.com/downloads/WP_Research_chapter.pdf
  20. Freitag, A. & Stokes, A. Q. (2009). Global public relations: Spanning borders, spanning cultures. London and New York: Routledge.
  21. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203890189
  22. Gregory, A. (2001). Public relations and evaluation: Does the reality match the rhetoric? Journal of Marketing Communications, 7(3): 171-189.
  23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527260122625
  24. Grunig, J. E. (2008). Conceptualising quantitative research in public relations. In B. Van Ruler, A. T. Ver i , & D. Vercic (eds.), Public relations metrics: Research and evaluation. New York: Routledge.
  25. Grunig, J. (2013). Thought leaders in PR measurement. Communication controlling.de, Retrieved November 16, 2016, from: http://www.communicationcontrolling.de/en/resources/interviews/thought-leaders.html
  26. Grunig, J., & Hunt, T. (1984). Managing public relations. Orlando, FL: Rinehart & Winston.
  27. Grunig, J. (1992). Excellence in public relations and communications management. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  28. Heath, R. L. & Coombs, W. T. (2006). Today's public relations: An introduction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi: 10.4135/9781452233055
  29. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452233055
  30. Jugenheimer, D. W., Bradley, S. D., Kelley, L. D., & Hudson, J. C. (2014). Advertising & public relations research, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.
  31. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315716565
  32. Kwansah-Aidoo, K. (2008). The role of research in PR practice: The other side of the story, from the developing world. Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, 9(4), 53-68.
  33. Likely, F., & Watson, T. (2013). Measuring the edifice: Public relations measurement and evaluation practices over the course of 40 years. In K. Sriramesh., A. Zerfass & J. Kim (eds.), Current trends and emerging topics in public relations and communication management. New York: Routledge. pp. 143-162
  34. Lindenmann, W. K. (2006). Public relations research for planning and evaluation. Retrieved November 16, 2016, from: http://www.instituteforpr.org/pr-research-for-planning-andevaluation/
  35. Institute for Public Relations Commission on PR Measurement and Evaluation. (2003). Guidelines and standards for measuring and evaluating PR effectiveness. Retrieved November 16, 2016, from: http://www.instituteforpr.org/topics /effectiveness-programs-activities
  36. Macnamara, J. (2015). Breaking the measurement and evaluation deadlock: A new approach and model. Journal of Communication Management, 19(4), 371-387, doi:10.1108/JCOM-04-2014-0020
  37. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCOM-04-2014-0020
  38. Macnamara, J. (2014). The development of international standards for measurement and evaluation of public relations and corporate communication: A review. Report for the Australian Centre for Public Communication, University of Technology Sydney, November. Retrieved November 16, 2016, from: https://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/acpc-prmeasurement-and evaluation-review.pdf
  39. Macnamara, J. (2011). PR metrics: How to measure public relations and corporate communication. Retrieved November 16, 2016, from: https://amecorg. com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/PRMetrics-Paper.pdf
  40. Macnamara, J. R. (2008). Research in public relations: a review of the use of evaluation and formative research. Retrieved November 16, 2016, from: http://www.carma.com/research/PR_Metrics.pdf
  41. Macnamara, J. (2006). PR metrics: Research for planning & evaluation of PR & corporate communication. Retrieved November 16, 2016, from: http://www.pria.com.au/sitebuilder/resources/knowledge/files/102/prmetricspaper.pdf
  42. McCoy, M., & Hargie, O. (2013). Measurement and evaluation. In A. Theaker (ed.). Public relations handbook, 4th ed. New York: Routledge.
  43. Mersham, G., Skinner, C., & Rensburg, R. (2011). Approaches to African communication management and public relations: A case for theory-building on the continent. Journal of Public Affairs, 11(4), 195-207. doi:10.1002/pa.413
  44. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.413
  45. Michaelson, D., & Stacks, D. (2011). Standardization in public relations measurement and evaluation. Public Relations Journal, 5(2), 1-22.
  46. Ming-Yi, W., & Baah-Boakye, K. (2008). Public relations in Ghana: Professionalism and impacts on globalisation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the NCA 94th Annual convention, TBA, Chicago, IL. Retrieved December 15, 2013, from: http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p256370_index.html
  47. Mutua, A. M. (2016). An analysis of measurement tools used in evaluating public relations campaigns by public relations consultancies in Kenya (Unpublished masters' thesis). University of Nairobi. Retrieved May 5, 2017, fromL http://journalism.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/chss/journalism/journalism/Anthony%20Mutua%20Final%20Document%20.pdf
  48. Pohl, G., & Vandeventer, D. (2001). The workplace, undergraduate education and career preparation. In R. L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of public relations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. pp. 357-368. doi:10.4135/9781452220727.n28
  49. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452220727.n28
  50. Pooi Yin, P., Krishnan, K., & Ean, C. L. C. (2012). Evaluation research on public relations activities among public relations practitioners in Malaysian corporations: An exploratory study. The Journal of South East Asia Research Centre for Communication and Humanities, 4(1), 41-46.
  51. Raup, J. (2008). Evaluating strategic communication: theoretical and methodological requirements. In K. Sriramesh, B. Van Ruler, & A. Zerfass (eds.), Public relations research: European and international perspectives and innovations. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.doi:10.1007/978-3-531-90918-9_11
  52. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-90918-9_11
  53. Rensburg, R., & Van Heerden, G. (2005). Public relations roles empirically verified among public relations practitioners in Africa. Communicare 24(1): 69-88.
  54. Rensburg, R. (2008). Public relations research and evaluation in Africa. In B. Van Ruler, A.T. Ver i & D. Ver i (eds.) Public relations metrics: research and evaluation. New York: Routledge.
  55. Sriramesh, K, & Ver i , D. (2007). Introduction to this special section: The impact of globalization on public relations. Public Relations Review. 33(4) 355-359.
  56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2007.09.002
  57. Sriramesh, K. & Ver i , D. (eds). (2009). The global public relations handbook. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum,.
  58. Stacks, D. W. (2011). Primer of public relations, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press.
  59. Stacks, D. W., Dodd, M., & Men, R. L. (2011). Public relations research and planning. In T. L. Gillis (ed.), The IABC handbook of organizational communication: A guide to internal communication, public relations, marketing, and leadership, 2nd ed. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
  60. Star i , E., & Jakopovi , H. (2016). Evaluation and measurement among Croatian public relations professionals. Communication Management Review, 1(2). 42-59.
  61. https://doi.org/10.22522/cmr20160214
  62. Tsetsura, K. (2014). Constructing public relations as a women's profession in Russia. Revista Internacional de Relaciones Publicas, 8(4), 85-110.
  63. Van Heerden, G. (2004). Public relations in Africa: Impact on global trends. Journal of the Federation of African Public Relations Associations. Retrieved May 5, 2017, from: http://www.afapr.org/images/heerden.pdf
  64. Ver i , D., Van Ruler, B., Bütschi, G., & Flodin, B. (2001). On the definition of public relations: A European view. Public Relations Review. 27: 373-387.
  65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-8111(01)00095-9
  66. Watson, T. (2012). The evolution of public relations measurement and evaluation. Public Relations Review, 38(3), 390-398. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2011.12.018
  67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2011.12.018
  68. Watson, T., & Noble, P. (2007). Evaluating public relations: A best practice guide to public relations planning, research and evaluation, 2nd ed. London and Philadelphia: Kogan Page.
  69. Wilcox, D. L., Cameron, G. T., & Reber, B. H. (2015). Public relations strategies and tactics, 11th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education.
  70. Wright, D., Leggetter, B., & Zerfass, A. (2009). Global survey on communication measurement. Retrieved May 5, 2017, from: https://amecorg.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Global-Survey-Communications_Measurement-20091.pdf
  71. Wu, M. Y. (2006). Perceptions about male and female managers in the Taiwanese public relations field. Paper presented at the 9th International Public Relations Research Conference "Changing Roles and Functions in Public Relations", Florida, USA, 9-12. Retrieved May 5, 2017, from: http://www.instituteforpr.org/files/uploads/9th_IPRRC_Proceedings.pdf
  72. Xavier, R., Johnston, K., Patel, A., Watson, T., & Simmons, P. (2005). Using evaluation techniques and performance claims to demonstrate public relations impact: An Australian perspective. Public Relations Review, 31(3), 417-424.
  73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2005.05.006
How to Cite
The use of research by public relations practitioners: A study of selected organisations in Ghana. (2022). Communicare: Journal for Communication Studies in Africa, 36(2), 55-74. https://doi.org/10.36615/jcsa.v36i2.1569

Send mail to Author


Send Cancel

Custom technologies based on your needs

  • ORCID
  • Crossref
  • PubMed
  • Clarivate