Evangelical Christianity and Criminal Rehabilitation A Clinical Sociological Approach to Stigma and Identity Management
Contenido principal del artículo
Keywords
Resumen
Crime and religion are social constructs that indicate what society considers acceptable and deviant behavior. The connection is further complicated when considering how the formerly incarcerated integrate back into society after incarceration. This article is an engaged scholarship that utilizes clinical sociology to understand the role of religious redemption and criminal rehabilitation. The article specifically utilizes elements of symbolic interactionism to explore how identity, religious conversion, and community impact ex-felons. The author argues that religious redemption is essential for the formerly incarcerated because it allows them to replace their criminal identity with a new one and reinterpret previous mistakes into their life narrative. The article ends with action steps that can be put into practice by religious organizations, nonprofits, and governmental agencies.
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Referencias
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Ali, A.A., Lyons, B.J. & Ryan, A.M. (2017). Managing a Perilous Stigma: Ex-Offenders’ Use of Reparative Impression Management Tactics in Hiring Contexts. Journal of Applied Psychology. 102(9), 1271-1285. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000226
Bae, B.B. (2017). Belief and Acceptance for the Study of Religion. Method and Theory in the Study of Religion. 29(1), 57-87. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700682-12341374
Beckford, J.A. (2013). Religious Diversity in Prisons: Chaplaincy and Contention. Studies in Religion. 42(2), 190-205. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008429813479293
Berger, P.L. (1990). The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
Berger, P.L. & Luckmann, T. (1967). The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
Blumer, H. ([1969]. 1998). Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Los Angelos, CA: University of California Press.
Brauer, J.R., Tittle, C.R. & Antonaccio, O. (2013). Does Religion Suppress, Socialize, Soothe, or Support? Exploring Religiosity’s Influence on Crime. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 52(4), 753-774. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12063
Burke, P.J. & Stets, J.E. (2023). Identity Theory: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197617182.001.0001
Burton, A.L., Cullen, F.T., Burton, V.S.(Jr.), Graham, A., Butler, L.C. & Thielo, A.J. (2020). Belief in Redeemability and Punitive Public Opinion: ‘Once a Criminal, Always a Criminal’ Revisited. Criminal Justice and Behavior. 47(6), 712-732. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854820913585
Casanova, J. (1994). Public Religions in the Modern World. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226190204.001.0001
Connolly, K. & Granfield, R. (2017). Building Recovery Capital: The Role of Faith-Based Communities in the Reintegration of Formerly Incarcerated Drug Offenders. Journal of Drug Issues. 47(3), 370-382. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022042617696916
Cox, H. 2009. The Future of Faith. New York, NY: Harper Collins.
Denver, M., Pickett, J.T. & Bushway, S.D. (2017). The Language of Stigmatization and the Mark of Violence: Experimental Evidence on the Social Construction and Use of Criminal Record Stigma. American Society of Criminology. 55(3), 664-690. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12145
Dolwick-Grieb, S.M., Crawford, A., Fields, J., Smith, H., Harris, R. & Matson, P. (2014). The Stress Will Kill You: Prisoner Reentry as Experienced by Family Members and the Urgent Need for Support Services. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 25, 1183-1200. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2014.0118
Dougherty, K.D., Marti, G. & Martinez, B.C. (2015). Congregational Diversity and Attendance in a Mainline Protestant Denomination. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 54(4), 668-683. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12229
Du Bois, W.D. & Berg, B.L. (2002). Crime in Society: Sociological Understandings and Societal Implications. In R.A. Straus (Ed.). Using Sociology: An Introduction from Applied and Clinical Perspectives, 3rd Edition (199-233). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
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Eliade, M. (1987). The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. Translated by W.R. Trask. New York, NY: Harcourt Inc.
Ellis, R. (2018). Redemption and Reproach: Religion and Carceral Control in Action Among Women in Prison. Criminology. 58, 747-772. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12258
Flores, E.O. & Cossyleon. J.E. (2016). ‘I Went Through it so You Don’t Have To’: Faith-Based Community Organizing for the Formerly Incarcerated. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 55(4), 662-676. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12294
Foucault, M. ([1975]. 1991). Discipline & Punishment: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by A. Sheridan. New York, NY: Vintage Books.
Fritz, J.M. (2006). Clinical Sociology. In C.D. Bryant & D.L. Peck. (Eds.). 21st Century Sociology: A Reference Handbook, Vol 2: Specialty and Interdisciplinary Studies (353-359). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412939645.n97
Glassner, B. & Freedman, J.A. (1979). Clinical Sociology. New York, NY: Longman Inc.
Goffman, E. (1963). Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York, NY: Anchor Books.
Hallett, M., Johnson, B., Hays, J., Jang, S.J. & Duwe, G. (2019). U.S. Prison Seminaries: Structural Charity, Religious Establishment, and Neoliberal Corrections. The Prison Journal. 99(2), 150-171. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885519825490
Hlavka, H., Wheelock, D. & Jones, R. (2015). Ex-Offender Accounts of Successful Reentry from Prison. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation. 54, 406-428. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509674.2015.1057630
Jones, M. & Sims, B. (2016). Reintegrative Shaming, Redemption, and Acceptance: A Survey of Christian Church Goers in Eastern North Carolina. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice. 14(4), 348-370. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2016.1202167
Kaufman, N. (2019). Nongovernmental Organizations and Post Prison Life: Examining the Role of Religion. Punishment & Society. 21(4), 393-416. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474518782470
Kelly, P.E., Polanin, J.R., Jang, S.J. & Johnson, B.R. (2015). Religion, Delinquency, and Drug Use: A Meta-Analysis. Criminal Justice Review. 40(4), 505-523. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734016815605151
Kewley, S., Larkin, M., Harkins, L. & Beech, A.R. (2017). Restoring Identity: The Use of Religion as a Mechanism to Transition Between an Identity of Sexual Offending to a Non-Offending Identity. Criminology & Criminal Justice. 17(1), 79-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895816654530
Kewley, S., Beech, A.R. & Harkins, L. (2015). Examining the Role of Faith Community Groups with Sexual Offenders: A Systematic Review. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 25,1 42-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.07.016
Koschmann, M.A. & Peterson, B.L. (2013). Rethinking Recidivism: A Communication Approach to Prisoner Reentry. Journal of Applied Social Science. 7(2), 188-207. https://doi.org/10.1177/1936724412467021
Lageson, S.E. & Maruna, S. (2018). Digital Degradation: Stigma Management in the Internet Age. Punishment & Society. 20(1), 113-133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474517737050
Landman, C. & Pieterse, T. (2020). Forgiveness as a Spiritual Construct Experienced by Men Serving Long-Term Sentences in Zonderwater, South Africa. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies. 76(4), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v76i4.6276
LeBel, T.P. (2012). ‘If One Doesn’t Get You Another Will’: Formerly Incarcerated Persons’ Perceptions of Discrimination. The Prison Journal. 92(1), 63-87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885511429243
Loughnan, S., Haslam, N., Sutton, R.M. & Spencer, B. (2014). Dehumanization and Social Class: Animality in the Stereotypes of “White Trash,” “Chavs,” and “Bogans”. Social Psychology. 45(1), 54-61. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000159
Margolis, M.F. (2020). Who Wants to Make America Great Again? Understanding Evangelical Support for Donald Trump. Politics and Religion. 13(1), 89-118. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755048319000208
McKiernan, P., Shamblen, S.R., Collins, D.A., Strader, T.N. & Kokoski, C. (2013). Creating Lasting Family Connections: Reducing Recidivism with Community-Based Family Strengthening Model. Criminal Justice Policy Review. 24(1), 94-122. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403412447505
Miller, T. & Vuolo, M. (2018). Examining the Antiascetic Hypothesis Through Social Control Theory: Delinquency, Religion, and Reciprocation Across the Early Life Course. Crime & Delinquency. 64(11), 1458-1488. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128717750393
Miller, B. & Spillane, J.F. (2012). Civil Death: An Examination of Ex-Felon Disenfranchisement and Reintegration. Punishment & Society. 14(4), 420-428. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474512452513
Mills, C.W. (1959). The Sociological Imagination: Fortieth Anniversary Edition. New York, NY: Oxford Press.
Morton, K.R., Tanzini, L. & Lee, J.W. (2019). Adult Satisfaction and the Role of Forgiveness After Childhood Sexual Abuse: Evidence from a Seventh-Day Adventist Cohort. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 58(1), 138-152. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12575
Mowen, T.J., Stansfield, R. & Boman, J.H. IV. (2018). During, After, or Both? Isolating the Effects of Religious Support on Recidivism During Reentry. Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 34, 1079-1101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-017-9366-5
Pirutinsky, S. (2014). Does Religiousness Increase Self-Control and Reduce Criminal Behavior?: A Longitudinal Analysis of Adolescent Offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior. 41(11), 1290-1307. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854814531962
Pogrebin, M.R., Stretesky, P.B., Walker, A. & Opsal, T. (2015). Rejection, Humiliation, and Parole: A Study of Parolees’ Perspectives. Symbolic Interaction. 38(3), 413-430. https://doi.org/10.1002/symb.164
Pogrebin, M., West-Smith, M., Walker, A. & Unnithan, N.P. (2014). Employment Isn’t Enough: Financial Obstacles Experienced by Ex-Prisoners During the Reentry Process. Criminal Justice Review. 39(4), 394-410. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734016814540303
Rade, C.B., Desmarais, S.L. & Mitchell, R.E. (2016). A Meta-Analysis of Public Attitudes Toward Ex-Offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior. 43(9), 1260-1280. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854816655837
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Beckford, J.A. (2013). Religious Diversity in Prisons: Chaplaincy and Contention. Studies in Religion. 42(2), 190-205. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008429813479293
Berger, P.L. (1990). The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
Berger, P.L. & Luckmann, T. (1967). The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
Blumer, H. ([1969]. 1998). Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Los Angelos, CA: University of California Press.
Brauer, J.R., Tittle, C.R. & Antonaccio, O. (2013). Does Religion Suppress, Socialize, Soothe, or Support? Exploring Religiosity’s Influence on Crime. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 52(4), 753-774. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12063
Burke, P.J. & Stets, J.E. (2023). Identity Theory: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197617182.001.0001
Burton, A.L., Cullen, F.T., Burton, V.S.(Jr.), Graham, A., Butler, L.C. & Thielo, A.J. (2020). Belief in Redeemability and Punitive Public Opinion: ‘Once a Criminal, Always a Criminal’ Revisited. Criminal Justice and Behavior. 47(6), 712-732. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854820913585
Casanova, J. (1994). Public Religions in the Modern World. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226190204.001.0001
Connolly, K. & Granfield, R. (2017). Building Recovery Capital: The Role of Faith-Based Communities in the Reintegration of Formerly Incarcerated Drug Offenders. Journal of Drug Issues. 47(3), 370-382. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022042617696916
Cox, H. 2009. The Future of Faith. New York, NY: Harper Collins.
Denver, M., Pickett, J.T. & Bushway, S.D. (2017). The Language of Stigmatization and the Mark of Violence: Experimental Evidence on the Social Construction and Use of Criminal Record Stigma. American Society of Criminology. 55(3), 664-690. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12145
Dolwick-Grieb, S.M., Crawford, A., Fields, J., Smith, H., Harris, R. & Matson, P. (2014). The Stress Will Kill You: Prisoner Reentry as Experienced by Family Members and the Urgent Need for Support Services. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 25, 1183-1200. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2014.0118
Dougherty, K.D., Marti, G. & Martinez, B.C. (2015). Congregational Diversity and Attendance in a Mainline Protestant Denomination. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 54(4), 668-683. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12229
Du Bois, W.D. & Berg, B.L. (2002). Crime in Society: Sociological Understandings and Societal Implications. In R.A. Straus (Ed.). Using Sociology: An Introduction from Applied and Clinical Perspectives, 3rd Edition (199-233). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Durkheim, E. ([1912]. 1955). The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Translated by K.E. Fields. New York, NY: The Free Press.
Durkheim, E. ([1893] 2014). The Division of Labor in Society. Translated by W.D. Halls. New York, NY: Free Press.
Eliade, M. (1987). The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. Translated by W.R. Trask. New York, NY: Harcourt Inc.
Ellis, R. (2018). Redemption and Reproach: Religion and Carceral Control in Action Among Women in Prison. Criminology. 58, 747-772. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12258
Flores, E.O. & Cossyleon. J.E. (2016). ‘I Went Through it so You Don’t Have To’: Faith-Based Community Organizing for the Formerly Incarcerated. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 55(4), 662-676. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12294
Foucault, M. ([1975]. 1991). Discipline & Punishment: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by A. Sheridan. New York, NY: Vintage Books.
Fritz, J.M. (2006). Clinical Sociology. In C.D. Bryant & D.L. Peck. (Eds.). 21st Century Sociology: A Reference Handbook, Vol 2: Specialty and Interdisciplinary Studies (353-359). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412939645.n97
Glassner, B. & Freedman, J.A. (1979). Clinical Sociology. New York, NY: Longman Inc.
Goffman, E. (1963). Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York, NY: Anchor Books.
Hallett, M., Johnson, B., Hays, J., Jang, S.J. & Duwe, G. (2019). U.S. Prison Seminaries: Structural Charity, Religious Establishment, and Neoliberal Corrections. The Prison Journal. 99(2), 150-171. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885519825490
Hlavka, H., Wheelock, D. & Jones, R. (2015). Ex-Offender Accounts of Successful Reentry from Prison. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation. 54, 406-428. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509674.2015.1057630
Jones, M. & Sims, B. (2016). Reintegrative Shaming, Redemption, and Acceptance: A Survey of Christian Church Goers in Eastern North Carolina. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice. 14(4), 348-370. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2016.1202167
Kaufman, N. (2019). Nongovernmental Organizations and Post Prison Life: Examining the Role of Religion. Punishment & Society. 21(4), 393-416. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474518782470
Kelly, P.E., Polanin, J.R., Jang, S.J. & Johnson, B.R. (2015). Religion, Delinquency, and Drug Use: A Meta-Analysis. Criminal Justice Review. 40(4), 505-523. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734016815605151
Kewley, S., Larkin, M., Harkins, L. & Beech, A.R. (2017). Restoring Identity: The Use of Religion as a Mechanism to Transition Between an Identity of Sexual Offending to a Non-Offending Identity. Criminology & Criminal Justice. 17(1), 79-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895816654530
Kewley, S., Beech, A.R. & Harkins, L. (2015). Examining the Role of Faith Community Groups with Sexual Offenders: A Systematic Review. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 25,1 42-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.07.016
Koschmann, M.A. & Peterson, B.L. (2013). Rethinking Recidivism: A Communication Approach to Prisoner Reentry. Journal of Applied Social Science. 7(2), 188-207. https://doi.org/10.1177/1936724412467021
Lageson, S.E. & Maruna, S. (2018). Digital Degradation: Stigma Management in the Internet Age. Punishment & Society. 20(1), 113-133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474517737050
Landman, C. & Pieterse, T. (2020). Forgiveness as a Spiritual Construct Experienced by Men Serving Long-Term Sentences in Zonderwater, South Africa. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies. 76(4), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v76i4.6276
LeBel, T.P. (2012). ‘If One Doesn’t Get You Another Will’: Formerly Incarcerated Persons’ Perceptions of Discrimination. The Prison Journal. 92(1), 63-87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885511429243
Loughnan, S., Haslam, N., Sutton, R.M. & Spencer, B. (2014). Dehumanization and Social Class: Animality in the Stereotypes of “White Trash,” “Chavs,” and “Bogans”. Social Psychology. 45(1), 54-61. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000159
Margolis, M.F. (2020). Who Wants to Make America Great Again? Understanding Evangelical Support for Donald Trump. Politics and Religion. 13(1), 89-118. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755048319000208
McKiernan, P., Shamblen, S.R., Collins, D.A., Strader, T.N. & Kokoski, C. (2013). Creating Lasting Family Connections: Reducing Recidivism with Community-Based Family Strengthening Model. Criminal Justice Policy Review. 24(1), 94-122. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403412447505
Miller, T. & Vuolo, M. (2018). Examining the Antiascetic Hypothesis Through Social Control Theory: Delinquency, Religion, and Reciprocation Across the Early Life Course. Crime & Delinquency. 64(11), 1458-1488. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128717750393
Miller, B. & Spillane, J.F. (2012). Civil Death: An Examination of Ex-Felon Disenfranchisement and Reintegration. Punishment & Society. 14(4), 420-428. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474512452513
Mills, C.W. (1959). The Sociological Imagination: Fortieth Anniversary Edition. New York, NY: Oxford Press.
Morton, K.R., Tanzini, L. & Lee, J.W. (2019). Adult Satisfaction and the Role of Forgiveness After Childhood Sexual Abuse: Evidence from a Seventh-Day Adventist Cohort. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 58(1), 138-152. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12575
Mowen, T.J., Stansfield, R. & Boman, J.H. IV. (2018). During, After, or Both? Isolating the Effects of Religious Support on Recidivism During Reentry. Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 34, 1079-1101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-017-9366-5
Pirutinsky, S. (2014). Does Religiousness Increase Self-Control and Reduce Criminal Behavior?: A Longitudinal Analysis of Adolescent Offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior. 41(11), 1290-1307. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854814531962
Pogrebin, M.R., Stretesky, P.B., Walker, A. & Opsal, T. (2015). Rejection, Humiliation, and Parole: A Study of Parolees’ Perspectives. Symbolic Interaction. 38(3), 413-430. https://doi.org/10.1002/symb.164
Pogrebin, M., West-Smith, M., Walker, A. & Unnithan, N.P. (2014). Employment Isn’t Enough: Financial Obstacles Experienced by Ex-Prisoners During the Reentry Process. Criminal Justice Review. 39(4), 394-410. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734016814540303
Rade, C.B., Desmarais, S.L. & Mitchell, R.E. (2016). A Meta-Analysis of Public Attitudes Toward Ex-Offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior. 43(9), 1260-1280. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854816655837
Rebach, H.M. (2001). Intervention in Clinical Sociology. In H.M. Rebach & J.G. Bruhn (Eds.). Handbook of Clinical Sociology, Second Edition (15-35). New York, NY: Plenum Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1217-2_2
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Dec 13, 2023
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Evangelical Christianity and Criminal Rehabilitation: A Clinical Sociological Approach to Stigma and Identity Management. (2023). Revista De sociología clínica, 18(2), 48-82. https://doi.org/10.36615/csr.v18i2.2377
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Evangelical Christianity and Criminal Rehabilitation: A Clinical Sociological Approach to Stigma and Identity Management. (2023). Revista De sociología clínica, 18(2), 48-82. https://doi.org/10.36615/csr.v18i2.2377