Transition from the Opium of Religion to Religion as Opioids Abuse of Religious Teachings in the New Prophetic Churches in South Africa

Main Article Content

Mookgo Solomon Kgatle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9556-6597
Jonas Sello Thinane https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8522-8519

Keywords

Opium of religion, New Prophetic Churches, Pentecostalism, classical Pentecostalism, African independent churches, African traditional religions, opioids

Abstract

The New Prophetic Churches is a religion in the mix, demonstrated by their points of contact with classical Pentecostalism, the prosperity gospel, African independent churches, and African traditional religion. New Prophetic Churches have points of contact with classical Pentecostalism with reference to the doctrine of baptism in the Holy Spirit and speaking in tongues. They are also influenced by the African traditional religions with reference to their connection with the spirit world. In addition, they have points of contact with the African independent churches concerning the use of healing and deliver-ance products. Furthermore, they have points of contact with the prosperity gospel in teaching the message of material blessing. The original form of these influences is presented in this article as opium religion, whereas the corrupted form of these influences is presented as opioid forms of religion. The latter refers to a somewhat dangerous mix of religious teachings, advo-cated by self-appointed spiritual leaders within the New Prophetic Churches. These spiritual leaders have concocted this mixture contrary to the original purpose of such teachings with the intention to satisfy their commercial de-sires to the detriment of the spiritual wellbeing of their followers and the sa-credness of religious teachings, particularly Christian teachings. Relying on a literary analysis, this article challenges the religious teachings of opioid reli-gions that undermine the original good intentions with which these teachings are mixed. It suggests that any religious teaching in the Christian tradition should be consistent with the eternal purpose of God’s mission, identity in Christ, and the fundamental tenets of the Christian tradition.

Abstract 110 | PDF Downloads 70

References

Anderson, A. 2018. Spirit-filled world: Religious dis/continuity in African Pentecostalism. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Andrew, D.N. 2021. From the margins to the centre – commercialisation of religion – threat or an opportunity in Pentecostalism? Missionalia 49, 1: 6-20. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7832/49-413
Asamoah-Gyadu, K.J. 2013. Spirit and spirits in African religious traditions. In Kärkkäinen, V.-M., K. Kim, & A. Yong (eds.): Interdisciplinary and religio-cultural discourses on a spirit-filled world. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137268990_4
Asamoah-Gyadu, K.J. 2015. Witchcraft accusations and Christianity in Afri-ca. International Bulletin of Missionary Research 39, 1: 23-27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/239693931503900107
Baloyi, M.E. 2019. The evangelical role of witchcraft in some Pentecostal movements an African pastoral concern. Missionalia 46, 3: 56-71. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7832/46-1-221
Banda, C. 2019. Redefining religion? A critical Christian reflection on CRL Rights Commission’s proposal to regulate religion in South Africa. Verbum et Ecclesia 40, 1: 1-11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve. v40i1.1948
Banda, C. 2020. Regenerated without being recreated? A soteriological anal-ysis of the African neo-Pentecostal teaching on generational curses. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 76, 3. a5941. 12 pages. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts.v76i3.5941
Banda, C. & G. Masengwe 2018. Overcoming fear? A search for an empow-ering theological response to the fear of witchcraft among urban Zim-babwean Christians. Verbum et Ecclesia 39, 1. a1837. 10 pages. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v39i1.1837
Benedict, A, 2014. The perception of illness in traditional Africa and the de-velopment of traditional medical practice. International Journal of Nursing 1, 1: 51-59.
Benyah, F. 2018. Commodification of the gospel and the socio-economics of Neo-Pentecostal/Charismatic Christianity in Ghana. Legon Journal of the Humanities 29, 2: 116-145. doi: https://doi.org/10.4314/ljh.v29i2.5
Boyer, P. 2001. Religion explained. London: Heinemann.
Brownstein, M.J. 1993. A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 90, 12: 5391-5393. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.90.12.5391
Chinkambako, C. 2017. A handbook on borderline between Christianity and witchcraft. Nairobi: Scroll Technologies.
Chitando, E. & K. Biri 2016. Walter Magaya’s prophetic healing and deliver-ance (PHD) ministries and Pentecostalism in Zimbabwe: A preliminary study with particular reference to ecumenism. Studia Historiae Eccle-siasticae 42, 2: 72-85. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2412-4265/2016/ 829
Ciccarone, D., J. Ondocsin, & S.G. Mars 2017. Heroin uncertainties: Explor-ing users’ perceptions of Fentanyl-adulterated and -substituted ‘Hero-in’. The International Journal on Drug Policy 46, 1: 146-155. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.06.004
Clarkson, K.L. 1973. Karl Marx and religion: 1841-1846. Master’s disserta-tion. School of Graduate Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton.
Copland, S. 2020. Witchcraft and demonology in contemporary theology: A challenge to theological academia. Available at: https://www.smash-words.com/books/view/1061808. (Accessed on May 2, 2022.)
Craffert, P.F. 2015. What does it mean to be possessed by a spirit or demon? Some phenomenological insights from neuro-anthropological research. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 71, 1. #2891. 9 pages. doi: https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v71i1.2891
Daniel, K. 2012. An assessment of religious syncretism: A case study in Af-rica. International Journal of Applied Sociology 2, 3: 10-15. doi: 10. 5923/j.ijas.20120203.01
Feiya, T. 2008. Drug or medicine? China’s experience of Marx’s opium the-sis on religion. Journal of Modern Chinese History 2, 1: 59-75. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17535650802048116
Gaskill, M. 2008. The pursuit of reality: Recent research into the history of witchcraft. The Historical Journal 51, 4: 1069-1088. doi: https://doi. org/10.1017/S0018246X0800719X
Guthrie, S. 2007. Opportunity, challenge and a definition of religion. Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 1, 1: 58-57. doi: http:// dx.doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.v1i1.58
Hemmings, H.C. & D.G. Lambert 2019. The good, the bad, and the ugly: The many faces of opioids. British Journal of Anaesthesia 122, 6: 705-707. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2019.04.003
Hoffmann, J.P. 1990. The historical shift in the perception of opiates: From medicine to social menace. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 22, 1: 53-62. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1990.10472197
Jacobs, C. 2001. Deliver us from evil. Ventura: Regal.
Jensen, J.S. 2014. What is religion? Durham: Acumen. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.4324/9781315729466
Jules-Rosette, B. 1997. At the threshold of the millennium: Prophetic move-ments and independent churches in Central and Southern Africa. Ar-chives de Sciences Sociales des Religions 42, 99: 153-167. doi: https://doi.org/10.3406/assr.1997.1137
Kgatle, M.S. 2017. The unusual practices within some Neo-Pentecostal churches in South Africa: Reflections and recommendations. HTS Teo-logiese Studies/Theological Studies 73, 3. a4656. 9 pages. doi: http:// dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts.v73i3.4656
Kgatle, M.S. 2018. The practice and impact of divine healing in Saint John Apostolic Faith Mission: A missiological perspective. Scriptura 117, 1: 1-11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7833/117-1-1386
Kgatle, M.S. 2019. Reimagining the practice of Pentecostal prophecy in Southern Africa: A critical engagement. HTS Teologiese Stud-ies/Theological Studies 75, 4. a5183. 7 pages. doi: https://doi.org/10. 4102/hts.v75i4.5183
Kgatle, M.S. 2020a. Propagating the fear of witchcraft: Pentecostal prophe-cies in the New Prophetic Churches in South Africa. Journal of the Eu-ropean Pentecostal Theological Association 40, 2: 132-143. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/18124461.2020.1795420
Kgatle, M.S. 2020b. Spirit baptism and the doctrine of initial evidence in Af-rican Pentecostal Christianity: A critical analysis. HTS Teologiese Stu-dies/Theological Studies 76, 1. a5796. 7 pages. doi: https://doi.org/10. 4102/hts.v76i1.5796
Kgatle, M.S. 2020c. Towards a balancing act between the emergence of pro-phetic churches and organizational culture in South African Pentecos-talism. Verbum et Ecclesia 41, 1. a2118. 7 pages. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.4102/ve.v41i1.2118
Kgatle, M.S. 2023. Consultations in New Prophetic Churches and African traditional religions: A case study of divine healing in assessing syn-cretistic practices in the South African context. Religions 14, 3. 400. 9 pages. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14030400
Kgatle, M.S. & A.H. Anderson (eds.) 2020. The use and abuse of the Spirit in Pentecostalism: A South African perspective. Abingdon: Routledge. doi: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003038795
Kgatle, M.S. & T.R. Mofokeng 2019. Towards a decolonial hermeneutic of experience in African Pentecostal Christianity: A South African per-spective. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 75, 4. a5473. 9 pages. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts.v75i4.5473
Lefever, H.G. 1977. The religion of the poor: Escape or creative force? Jour-nal for the Scientific Study of Religion 16, 3: 1-29. doi: https://psycnet. apa.org/doi/10.2307/1385693
Masenya, M. & M. Masenya 2018. Church breakaways as a prototype of commercialisation and commodification of religion in the Pentecostal Church movement in South Africa: Considering curricula offerings for pastors. Stellenbosch Theological Journal 4, 2: 633-654. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17570/stj.2018.v4n2.a29
Mashau, T.D. 2009. Perspective on secularism and pluralism in Africa: Their impact on African Christianity and the revival of traditional religion. Calvin Theological Journal 44, 1: 108-126. doi: https://ixtheo.de/Rec-ord/1646397673
Mashau, T.D. 2016. Moving to different streams of healing praxis: A Re-formed missionary approach of healing in the African context. Verbum et Ecclesia 37, 1. a1508. 8 pages. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve. v37i1.1508
Mashau, T.D. & M.S. Kgatle 2019. Prosperity Gospel and the culture of greed in post-colonial Africa: Constructing an alternative African Christian theology of Ubuntu. Verbum et Ecclesia 40, 1. a1901. 8 pag-es. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v40i1.1901
Mcall, R.K. 1975. The ministry of deliverance. The Expository Times 86, 10: 296-298. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001452467508601003
Mckinnon, A.M. 2005. Reading ‘opium of the people’: Expression, protest and the dialectics of religion. Critical Sociology 31, 1-2: 15-38. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1569163053084360
Meel, B.L. 2013. Geophagia in Transkei region of South Africa: Case reports. African Health Sciences 12, 4: 61-64. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314% 2Fahs.v12i4.27
Merz, J. 2008. I am a witch in the Holy Spirit. Missiology: An International Review 36, 2: 201-218. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009182960803 600204
Modiko, V.B. 2011. The concept of healing power in the African Initiated Churches (AICs) with special reference to the Vaal Triangle. Master’s dissertation. Department of Biblical Studies, North-West University, Potchefstroom.
Mofokeng, T.R. 2021. Zionist ‘syncretism’ in the Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa before the 1970s: A comparative analysis. Missionalia 49, 0: 75-98. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7832/49-402
Mokgobi, M.G. 2014. Understanding traditional African healing. African Journal for Physical Health Education, Recreation, and Dance 20, Suppl 2: 24-34.
Mokhoathi, J. 2020. Religious intersections in African Christianity: The con-version dilemma among indigenous converts. Scriptura 119, 1: 1-12. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7833/118-1-1686
Morley, J.E. 1981. The endocrinology of the opiates and opioid peptides. Me-tabolism 30, 2: 195-209. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(81) 90172-4
Masoudkabir, F., N. Sarrafzadegan, & M.J. Eisenberg 2013. Effects of opium consumption on cardiometabolic diseases. Nature Reviews Cardiology 10 (12): 733-740. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2013.159
Mugambi, J. 2020. Therapeutic paradigms in the public ministry of Jesus. In Dube, Z. (ed.): Healer: Reception of Jesus as a healer during early Christianity and today. HTS Religion & Society Series 9. Cape Town: AOSIS. doi: https://doi.org/10.4102/aosis.2020.BK222.02
Okoro, K.N. 2012. Religion in an oppressive society: The antebellum exam-ple. Open Journal of Philosophy 2, 4: 251-259. doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.4236/ojpp.2012.24037
Omonijo, D.O., O.O.C. Uche, O.A.U. Nnedum, & B.C. Chine 2016. Religion as the opium of the masses: A study of the contemporary relevance of Karl Marx. Asian Research Journal of Arts & Social Sciences 1, 3: 1-7. doi: https://doi.org/10.9734/arjass/2016/28326
Onyinah, O. 2009. God’s grace, healing, and suffering. International Review of Mission 95, 376-377: 117-127. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-6631.2006.tb00546.x Pardo, B., J. Taylor, J.P. Caulkins, B. Kilmer, P. Reuter, & B.D. Stein 2019. The future of fentanyl and other synthetic opioids. Santa Monica: RAND. doi: https://doi.org/10.7249/RR3117
Pedersen, E.O. 2015. Religion is the opium of the people: An investigation into the intellectual context of Marx’s critique of religion. History of Political Thought 36, 2: 354-387. doi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/ 26228603?seq=1
Pondani, S. 2019. ‘Prophets of doom’: The phenomenon of healing and pow-er dynamics in Neo-Pentecostal African Churches. PhD thesis. Faculty of Theology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch.
Ramantswana, H. 2018. Prophets praying for or preying on people’s faith: A reflection on prophetic ministry in the South African context. In die Skriflig 53, 4: 1-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ids.v53i4.2495
Ramantswana, H, & I. Sebetseli 2021. Prophets competing against each other in a commercial age: Have some prophets or Neo-Prophetic Churches gone too far? HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 77, 4. a6340. 10 pages. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts.v77i4.6340
Resane, K. 2017. ‘And they shall make you eat grass like oxen’ (Daniel 4:24): Reflections on recent practices in some New Charismatic Churches. Pharos Journal of Theology 98, 1: 1-17.
Rosenblum, A., L.A. Marsch, H. Joseph, & R.K. Portenoy 2008. Opioids and the treatment of chronic pain: Controversies, current status, and future directions. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 16, 5: 405-416. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0013628
Sanou, B. 2017. Witchcraft accusations: Destroying family, community, and church. Journal of Adventist Mission Studies 13, 1: 33-44.
Schiff, P.L. 2002. Opium and its alkaloids. American Journal of Pharmaceu-tical Education 66, 1: 186-194.
Shoko, T. 2006. Independent church healing: The case of St Elijah cum En-lightenment School of the Holy Spirit in Zimbabwe. Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae 32, 3: 129-153.
Soares, T.G. 1910. Jesus’ work in Galilee: His healing ministry. The Biblical World 35, 2: 117-123. doi: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/ 10.1086/474297
Stewart, C. 1999. Syncretism and its synonyms: Reflections on cultural mix-ture. Diacritics 29, 3: 40-62. doi: 10.1353/dia.1999.0023
Thinane, J.S. 2021. Human rights abuse by some self-styled spiritual leaders within the ‘Nyaope Religion’ in South Africa. PhD thesis. Department of Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology, Unisa, Preto-ria.
Townsley, J. 2004. Marx, Webber, and Durkheim on religion. New York: Orbis Books.
Uchegbue, C.O. 2011. A critical evaluation of Marx’s theory of religion. American Journal of Social Issues and Humanities 1, 2: 50-81.
Van Wyk, I.W.C. 2004. African witchcraft in theological perspective. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 60, 3: 1201-1228. doi: https:// doi.org/10.4102/hts.v60i3.575
White, P, 2015. The concept of diseases and health care in African traditional religion in Ghana. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 71, 3. #2762. 7 pages. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/HTS.V71I3.2762

Similar Articles

1-10 of 78

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.