Agency in Community: Understanding Gender-Based Violence from within a Muslim Community in Lenasia, Johannesburg
Main Article Content
Keywords
Agency, gender-based violence, Islam, Lenasia, lived religion
Abstract
This qualitative study examines how a group of Muslims in a conservative community in Lenasia, Johannesburg, engaged with Islam and gender-based violence (GBV). Drawing on the framework of lived religion and Saba Mahmood’s conceptualization of agency and embodiment, the article highlights how the 13 interviewees actively negotiated their perceptions of and approach to GBV within their religious and cultural environment. First, the participants actively chose their religious authorities and illustrated how these authorities portrayed an Islam that is gender-just. Second, while largely opting to rather ignore than criticize probable patriarchal tones in their religion, participants freely expressed their critical views on patriarchy and GBV in relation to their culture. Through highlighting the agency and logic in the participants’ engagement with GBV, the article underscores the importance of involving conservative religious communities in combating GBV in their own terms.
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References
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Akhtar, S. 2007. The Quran and the secular mind: A philosophy of Islam. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203935316
Alexander, A.C. and Welzel, C., 2011. Islam and patriarchy: how robust is Muslim support for patriarchal values?. International Review of Sociology, 21(2), pp.249-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2011.581801
Ammerman, N.T. 2007. Everyday religion: Observing modern religious lives. New York: Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305418.001.0001 Baderoon, G. 2014. Regarding Muslims: From slavery to post-apartheid. New York: New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.18772/2014067694
Bakhtiar, L. 2011. The sublime Quran: The misinterpretation of chapter 4 verse 34. European Journal of Women’s Studies 18, 4: 431-439. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506811415206
Baldasare, A. 2012. Gender-based violence: Focus on Africa. SAI: From Vision to Results. 12 pages. Available at: https://sai-dc.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/GBV-Literature-Review.pdf. (Accessed on May 22, 2024.)
Barlas, A. 2004. The Qur’an, sexual equality, and feminism. Lecture given at University of Toronto, Toronto. Scribd. Available at: https://www.scribd.com/document/238427921/Asma-Barlas-The-Quran-Sexua-Equality-And-Feminism. (Accessed on May 23, 2024.)
Barlas, A. 2019. Believing women in Islam: Unreading patriarchal interpretations of the Qur’an. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Bent-Goodley, T.B. & D.N. Fowler 2006. Spiritual and religious abuse: Expanding what is known about domestic violence. Affilia 21, 3: 282-295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109906288901
Botha, M. 2021. Working against gender-based violence is our responsibility. Obstetrics and Gynaecology Forum 31, 1: 1.
Bryman, A. 2016. Social research methods. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Centre for Sexualities, AIDS and Gender. 2017. Power matters: Understanding GBV. Centre for Sexualities, AIDS and Gender at the University of Pretoria. Available at: http://www.justgender.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/PB-2-Power.pdf. (Accessed on July 10, 2024.)
Cheema, S.A. 2014. The concept of Qawama: A study of interpretive tensions. Hawwa 11, 2/3: 235-251. https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341245
Corpus.Qur’ān.com. 2022. The Qur’ānic Arabic corpus – translation. Available at: https://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=4&verse=34 (Accessed on November 27, 2024).
Dangor, S.E. 2004. Negotiating identities: The case of Indian Muslims in South Africa. In Jacobsen, K.A. & P. Kumar (ed.): South Asians in the diaspora: Histories and religious traditions, 241-268. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047401407_014
Dunn, S. & R.B. Kellison 2010. At the intersection of scripture and law: Qur’an 4:34 and violence against women. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 26, 2: 11-36. https://doi.org/10.2979/fsr.2010.26.2.11
Ellison, C.G. & K.L. Anderson 2001. Religious involvement and domestic violence among US couples. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 40, 2: 269-286. https://doi.org/10.1111/0021-8294.00055
Enaifoghe, A., M. Dlelana, A.A. Durokifa, & N.P. Dlamini 2021. The prevalence of gender-based violence against women in South Africa: A call for action. African Journal of Gender, Society & Development 10, 1: 117-146. https://doi.org/10.31920/2634-3622/2021/v10n1a6
Gabru, N. 2004. Dilemma of Muslim women regarding divorce in South Africa. Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 7, 2: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.4314/pelj.v7i2.43462
Ghafournia, N. 2017. Towards a new interpretation of Quran 4:34. Hawwa 15, 3: 279-292. https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341309
Gillum, T.L., C.M. Sullivan, & D.I. Bybee 2006. The importance of spirituality in the lives of domestic violence survivors. Violence against women 12, 3: 240-250. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801206286224
Graaff, K. 2021. The implications of a narrow understanding of gender-based violence. Feminist Encounters 5, 1: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.20897/femenc/9749
Graaff, K. & L. Heinecken 2017. Masculinities and gender-based violence in South Africa: A study of a masculinities-focused intervention programme. Development Southern Africa 34, 5: 622-634. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2017.1334537
Hall, D.D. (ed.) 2020. Lived religion in America: Toward a history of practice. Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv143mdcw
Hoel, N. 2012. Engaging religious leaders: South African Muslim women’s experiences in matters pertaining to divorce initiatives. Social Dynamics 38, 2: 184-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/02533952.2012.717207
Hoel, N. & S.D. Shaikh 2013. Sexing Islamic theology: Theorising women’s experience and gender through ʿabd-Allah and khalīfah. Journal for Islamic Studies 33, 1: 127-150.
Ibrahim, N. & M. Abdalla 2010. A critical examination of Qur’an 4:34 and its relevance to intimate partner violence in Muslim families. Journal of Muslim Mental Health 5, 3: 327-349. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564908.2010.551278
Kia, A. 2019. The concept of responsibility of men and women in Islam. Arts & Humanities Open Access Journal 3, 5: 247-251. https://doi.org/10.15406/ahoaj.2019.03.00137
Le Roux, E., N. Kramm, N. Scott, M. Sandilands, L. Loots, J. Olivier, D. Arango, & V. O’Sullivan 2016. Getting dirty: Working with faith leaders to prevent and respond to gender-based violence. The Review of Faith & International Affairs 14, 3: 22-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2016.1215837
Lombard, A. 2023. Islam and gender-based violence: listening to the Indian Muslim community in Lenasia, Johannesburg. Master’s dissertation, Department of Religious Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg.
Maguire, D.C. & S.D. Shaikh (eds.) 2007. Violence against women in contemporary world religions: Roots and cures. Cleveland: Pilgrim Press.
Mahmood, S. 2001. Feminist theory, embodiment, and the docile agent: Some reflections on the Egyptian Islamic revival. Cultural Anthropology 16, 2: 202-236. https://doi.org/10.1525/can.2001.16.2.202
Mahmood, S. 2006. Feminist theory, agency, and the liberatory subject: Some reflections on the Islamic revival in Egypt. Temenos-Nordic Journal for the Study of Religion 42, 1: 31-71. https://doi.org/10.33356/temenos.4633
McGuire, M.B. 2008. Lived religion: Faith and practice in everyday life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mir-Hosseini, Z. 2009. Towards gender equality: Muslim family laws and the Shari‘ah. Wanted: Equality and justice in the Muslim family: 23-63. Available at: https://arabic.musawah.org/sites/default/files/Wanted-ZMH-EN.pdf. (Accessed on June 15, 2024.)
Mohamed-Kaloo, Z. & S. Laher 2014. Perceptions of mental illness among Muslim general practitioners in South Africa. South African Medical Journal 104, 5: 350-352. https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.7863
Nason-Clark, N. 2020. When terror strikes at home: The interface between religion and domestic violence. In Eekelaar, J. (ed.): Family rights and religion, 245-252. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003075127-15
Nordien, R., N. Alpaslan, & B. Pretorius 2003. Muslim women’s experiences of domestic violence in the Nelson Mandela Metropole: A qualitative study. Health SA Gesondheid 8, 4: 38-55. https://doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v8i4.144
Orsi, R.A. 1997. Everyday miracles: The study of lived religion. In Hall, D.D. (ed.): Lived religion in America: Toward a history of practice, 3-21. Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv143mdcw.4
Orsi, R.A. 2005. Between heaven and earth: The religious worlds people make and the scholars who study them. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Orsi, R.A. (ed.) 2011. The Cambridge companion to religious studies. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL9780521883917
Petersen, E. 2016. Working with religious leaders and faith communities to advance culturally informed strategies to address violence against women. Agenda 30, 3: 50-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2016.1251225
Rasool, S. 2012a. Do we accept the unacceptable? The privatisation of women abuse by informal networks in South Africa. Journal of Gender and Religion in Africa 18, 2: 143-149.
Rasool, S. 2012b. Help-seeking by abused women in South Africa. PhD thesis, Oxford University, Oxford.
Rasool, S. & M. Suleman 2016. Muslim women overcoming marital violence: Breaking through ‘structural and cultural prisons’ created by religious leaders. Agenda 30, 3: 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2016.1275199
Rowley, J. 2012. Conducting research interviews. Management Research Review 35, 3/4: 260-271. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171211210154
Seedat, F. 2016. Beyond the text: Between Islam and Feminism. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 32, 2: 138-142. https://doi.org/10.2979/jfemistudreli.32.2.23
Shaikh, S.D. 2007. A tafsir of praxis: Gender, marital violence, and resistance in a South African Muslim community. In Maguire, D.C. & S.D. Shaikh (eds.); Violence against women in contemporary world religions: Roots and cures, pp. 66-89. Cleveland: Pilgrim Press.
Shaikh, S.D., N. Hoel, & A. Kagee 2011. South African Muslim women: Sexuality, marriage and reproductive choices. Journal for Islamic Studies 31, 1: 96-124.
Silvers, L. 2006. ‘In the book we have left out nothing’ (Q 6:38): The ethical problem of the existence of verse 4:34 in the Qur’an. Comparative Islamic Studies 2, 2: 171-180. https://doi.org/10.1558/cisv2i2.171
Suleman, M. 2019. Views of Muslim religious leaders on violence against married women. PhD thesis, Department of Siciology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg.
Sultana, A. 2012. Patriarchy and women’s subordination: A theoretical analysis. Arts Faculty Journal 4. 18 pages. Available at: https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/AFJ/article/view/12929. (Accessed on July 21, 2024.)
Vahed, G., 2020. Indentured Muslim women in colonial Natal: Mothers, wives and work. In Pande, A (ed.): Indentured and post-indentured experiences of women in the Indian diaspora, 95-110. Singapore: Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1177-6_7
Vahed, G., 2021. Muslims in post-apartheid South Africa: Race, community, and identity. Social Identities 27, 1: 44-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2020.1814724
Wadud, A. 1995. Towards a Qur’anic hermeneutics of social justice: Race, class and gender. Journal of Law and Religion 12, 1: 37-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/1051608
Yauch, C.A. & H.J. Steudel 2003. Complementary use of qualitative and quantitative cultural assessment methods. Organizational Research Methods 6, 4: 465-481. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428103257362
Akhtar, S. 2007. The Quran and the secular mind: A philosophy of Islam. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203935316
Alexander, A.C. and Welzel, C., 2011. Islam and patriarchy: how robust is Muslim support for patriarchal values?. International Review of Sociology, 21(2), pp.249-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2011.581801
Ammerman, N.T. 2007. Everyday religion: Observing modern religious lives. New York: Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305418.001.0001 Baderoon, G. 2014. Regarding Muslims: From slavery to post-apartheid. New York: New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.18772/2014067694
Bakhtiar, L. 2011. The sublime Quran: The misinterpretation of chapter 4 verse 34. European Journal of Women’s Studies 18, 4: 431-439. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506811415206
Baldasare, A. 2012. Gender-based violence: Focus on Africa. SAI: From Vision to Results. 12 pages. Available at: https://sai-dc.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/GBV-Literature-Review.pdf. (Accessed on May 22, 2024.)
Barlas, A. 2004. The Qur’an, sexual equality, and feminism. Lecture given at University of Toronto, Toronto. Scribd. Available at: https://www.scribd.com/document/238427921/Asma-Barlas-The-Quran-Sexua-Equality-And-Feminism. (Accessed on May 23, 2024.)
Barlas, A. 2019. Believing women in Islam: Unreading patriarchal interpretations of the Qur’an. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Bent-Goodley, T.B. & D.N. Fowler 2006. Spiritual and religious abuse: Expanding what is known about domestic violence. Affilia 21, 3: 282-295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109906288901
Botha, M. 2021. Working against gender-based violence is our responsibility. Obstetrics and Gynaecology Forum 31, 1: 1.
Bryman, A. 2016. Social research methods. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Centre for Sexualities, AIDS and Gender. 2017. Power matters: Understanding GBV. Centre for Sexualities, AIDS and Gender at the University of Pretoria. Available at: http://www.justgender.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/PB-2-Power.pdf. (Accessed on July 10, 2024.)
Cheema, S.A. 2014. The concept of Qawama: A study of interpretive tensions. Hawwa 11, 2/3: 235-251. https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341245
Corpus.Qur’ān.com. 2022. The Qur’ānic Arabic corpus – translation. Available at: https://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=4&verse=34 (Accessed on November 27, 2024).
Dangor, S.E. 2004. Negotiating identities: The case of Indian Muslims in South Africa. In Jacobsen, K.A. & P. Kumar (ed.): South Asians in the diaspora: Histories and religious traditions, 241-268. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047401407_014
Dunn, S. & R.B. Kellison 2010. At the intersection of scripture and law: Qur’an 4:34 and violence against women. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 26, 2: 11-36. https://doi.org/10.2979/fsr.2010.26.2.11
Ellison, C.G. & K.L. Anderson 2001. Religious involvement and domestic violence among US couples. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 40, 2: 269-286. https://doi.org/10.1111/0021-8294.00055
Enaifoghe, A., M. Dlelana, A.A. Durokifa, & N.P. Dlamini 2021. The prevalence of gender-based violence against women in South Africa: A call for action. African Journal of Gender, Society & Development 10, 1: 117-146. https://doi.org/10.31920/2634-3622/2021/v10n1a6
Gabru, N. 2004. Dilemma of Muslim women regarding divorce in South Africa. Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 7, 2: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.4314/pelj.v7i2.43462
Ghafournia, N. 2017. Towards a new interpretation of Quran 4:34. Hawwa 15, 3: 279-292. https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341309
Gillum, T.L., C.M. Sullivan, & D.I. Bybee 2006. The importance of spirituality in the lives of domestic violence survivors. Violence against women 12, 3: 240-250. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801206286224
Graaff, K. 2021. The implications of a narrow understanding of gender-based violence. Feminist Encounters 5, 1: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.20897/femenc/9749
Graaff, K. & L. Heinecken 2017. Masculinities and gender-based violence in South Africa: A study of a masculinities-focused intervention programme. Development Southern Africa 34, 5: 622-634. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2017.1334537
Hall, D.D. (ed.) 2020. Lived religion in America: Toward a history of practice. Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv143mdcw
Hoel, N. 2012. Engaging religious leaders: South African Muslim women’s experiences in matters pertaining to divorce initiatives. Social Dynamics 38, 2: 184-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/02533952.2012.717207
Hoel, N. & S.D. Shaikh 2013. Sexing Islamic theology: Theorising women’s experience and gender through ʿabd-Allah and khalīfah. Journal for Islamic Studies 33, 1: 127-150.
Ibrahim, N. & M. Abdalla 2010. A critical examination of Qur’an 4:34 and its relevance to intimate partner violence in Muslim families. Journal of Muslim Mental Health 5, 3: 327-349. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564908.2010.551278
Kia, A. 2019. The concept of responsibility of men and women in Islam. Arts & Humanities Open Access Journal 3, 5: 247-251. https://doi.org/10.15406/ahoaj.2019.03.00137
Le Roux, E., N. Kramm, N. Scott, M. Sandilands, L. Loots, J. Olivier, D. Arango, & V. O’Sullivan 2016. Getting dirty: Working with faith leaders to prevent and respond to gender-based violence. The Review of Faith & International Affairs 14, 3: 22-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2016.1215837
Lombard, A. 2023. Islam and gender-based violence: listening to the Indian Muslim community in Lenasia, Johannesburg. Master’s dissertation, Department of Religious Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg.
Maguire, D.C. & S.D. Shaikh (eds.) 2007. Violence against women in contemporary world religions: Roots and cures. Cleveland: Pilgrim Press.
Mahmood, S. 2001. Feminist theory, embodiment, and the docile agent: Some reflections on the Egyptian Islamic revival. Cultural Anthropology 16, 2: 202-236. https://doi.org/10.1525/can.2001.16.2.202
Mahmood, S. 2006. Feminist theory, agency, and the liberatory subject: Some reflections on the Islamic revival in Egypt. Temenos-Nordic Journal for the Study of Religion 42, 1: 31-71. https://doi.org/10.33356/temenos.4633
McGuire, M.B. 2008. Lived religion: Faith and practice in everyday life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mir-Hosseini, Z. 2009. Towards gender equality: Muslim family laws and the Shari‘ah. Wanted: Equality and justice in the Muslim family: 23-63. Available at: https://arabic.musawah.org/sites/default/files/Wanted-ZMH-EN.pdf. (Accessed on June 15, 2024.)
Mohamed-Kaloo, Z. & S. Laher 2014. Perceptions of mental illness among Muslim general practitioners in South Africa. South African Medical Journal 104, 5: 350-352. https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.7863
Nason-Clark, N. 2020. When terror strikes at home: The interface between religion and domestic violence. In Eekelaar, J. (ed.): Family rights and religion, 245-252. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003075127-15
Nordien, R., N. Alpaslan, & B. Pretorius 2003. Muslim women’s experiences of domestic violence in the Nelson Mandela Metropole: A qualitative study. Health SA Gesondheid 8, 4: 38-55. https://doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v8i4.144
Orsi, R.A. 1997. Everyday miracles: The study of lived religion. In Hall, D.D. (ed.): Lived religion in America: Toward a history of practice, 3-21. Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv143mdcw.4
Orsi, R.A. 2005. Between heaven and earth: The religious worlds people make and the scholars who study them. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Orsi, R.A. (ed.) 2011. The Cambridge companion to religious studies. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL9780521883917
Petersen, E. 2016. Working with religious leaders and faith communities to advance culturally informed strategies to address violence against women. Agenda 30, 3: 50-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2016.1251225
Rasool, S. 2012a. Do we accept the unacceptable? The privatisation of women abuse by informal networks in South Africa. Journal of Gender and Religion in Africa 18, 2: 143-149.
Rasool, S. 2012b. Help-seeking by abused women in South Africa. PhD thesis, Oxford University, Oxford.
Rasool, S. & M. Suleman 2016. Muslim women overcoming marital violence: Breaking through ‘structural and cultural prisons’ created by religious leaders. Agenda 30, 3: 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2016.1275199
Rowley, J. 2012. Conducting research interviews. Management Research Review 35, 3/4: 260-271. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171211210154
Seedat, F. 2016. Beyond the text: Between Islam and Feminism. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 32, 2: 138-142. https://doi.org/10.2979/jfemistudreli.32.2.23
Shaikh, S.D. 2007. A tafsir of praxis: Gender, marital violence, and resistance in a South African Muslim community. In Maguire, D.C. & S.D. Shaikh (eds.); Violence against women in contemporary world religions: Roots and cures, pp. 66-89. Cleveland: Pilgrim Press.
Shaikh, S.D., N. Hoel, & A. Kagee 2011. South African Muslim women: Sexuality, marriage and reproductive choices. Journal for Islamic Studies 31, 1: 96-124.
Silvers, L. 2006. ‘In the book we have left out nothing’ (Q 6:38): The ethical problem of the existence of verse 4:34 in the Qur’an. Comparative Islamic Studies 2, 2: 171-180. https://doi.org/10.1558/cisv2i2.171
Suleman, M. 2019. Views of Muslim religious leaders on violence against married women. PhD thesis, Department of Siciology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg.
Sultana, A. 2012. Patriarchy and women’s subordination: A theoretical analysis. Arts Faculty Journal 4. 18 pages. Available at: https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/AFJ/article/view/12929. (Accessed on July 21, 2024.)
Vahed, G., 2020. Indentured Muslim women in colonial Natal: Mothers, wives and work. In Pande, A (ed.): Indentured and post-indentured experiences of women in the Indian diaspora, 95-110. Singapore: Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1177-6_7
Vahed, G., 2021. Muslims in post-apartheid South Africa: Race, community, and identity. Social Identities 27, 1: 44-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2020.1814724
Wadud, A. 1995. Towards a Qur’anic hermeneutics of social justice: Race, class and gender. Journal of Law and Religion 12, 1: 37-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/1051608
Yauch, C.A. & H.J. Steudel 2003. Complementary use of qualitative and quantitative cultural assessment methods. Organizational Research Methods 6, 4: 465-481. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428103257362
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Agency in Community: Understanding Gender-Based Violence from within a Muslim Community in Lenasia, Johannesburg. (2024). Journal for the Study of Religion , 37(2). https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3027/2024/v37n2a3
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Agency in Community: Understanding Gender-Based Violence from within a Muslim Community in Lenasia, Johannesburg. (2024). Journal for the Study of Religion , 37(2). https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3027/2024/v37n2a3