Religion Behind Bars: Faith-based Programs in the Rehabilitation of Offenders in the Medium B Westville Correctional Center, Durban
Main Article Content
Keywords
Religion, chaplain, rehabilitation, incarceration, offender, secularism
Abstract
In order to maintain social control and order, several authors perceive religion to be a significant aspect of societal life (Akhverdiev & Ponomarev 2008:1; Stark & Bainbridge 2012:1; Welch, Tittle, & Grasmick 2006:1605). The right to religious practice is considered vital in almost all societies. There is a body of research that suggests that a decline in religious conformity erodes the moral fabric of society and hence perceives its decline to contribute to social degeneration leaving society in a state of disarray (Nwube & Edigbo 2023; Ezeonwumelu 2021; Sekhaulelo 2021; Dick, Ede, & Chiaghanam 2020; Nikolova 2018). A deviation from religious norms and values at an individual level is known to result in anomic behavior ensuing conflict with the law. On the contrary, religious fundamentalism is also known to be contributing to hostility, violence, lawlessness, harmful behavior, and social instability (Gorur & Gregory 2021; Wright & Khoo 2019; Sulaiman 2016; VanAernum 2014). It is in this context that this article reviews religious practices and beliefs among male offenders and its role in rehabilitating their deviant behavior so that they may self-actualize to become good citizens upon release in the South African society. Notwithstanding, the study provides very little support on the notion that correctional centers’ inspired faith-based programs indeed impact prosocial behavior as offenders engage with their respective religious belief systems as individuals. This finding refutes the notion contained in the literature study that avers that correctional centers’ inspired faith-based programs do in fact yield prosocial behavior.
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References
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Dammer, H.R. 2002. Reasons for religious involvement in the correctional environment. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 35, 3/4: 35-58. https://doi.org/10.1300/J076v35n03_03
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Drakulevski, A.G. 2017. The Nelson Mandela rules: The Revised United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners – Short review. Institute of Criminal Law, Department of Criminology and Penology. Macedonia. Available at: 3. Aleksandra GD Nelson Mandela Rules.pdf. (Accessed on September 12, 2024.)
Durkheim, É. 1912. The elementary forms of the religious life. Oxford: Oxford World’s Classics.
Ezeonwumelu, U.I. 2021. The role of religion in building a morally-conscious society. Sapientia Foundation Journal of Education, Sciences and Gender Studies 3, 3: 149-158.
Gerace, A. & A. Day 2010. Criminal rehabilitation: The impact of religious programming. Journal of Psychology and Christianity 29, 4: 317-325.
Gofman, A. 2018. Tradition, morality and solidarity in Durkheim’s theory. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi 39, 1: 25-39. https://doi.org/10.26650/SJ.2019.39.1.0007
Goodman, B. 2020. Faith in a time of crisis. American Psychological Association. Available at: https://www.apa.org/topics/covid-19/faith-crisis. (Accessed on September 23, 2024.)
Gorur, A. & J. Gregory 2021. Violence based on religion or belief – taking action at the United Nations. International Order and Conflict. Issue Brief. Stimpson. Available at: https://www.stimson.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PCIC-issue-brief-violence.pdf. (Accessed on July 22, 2024.)
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Hirschi, T. & R. Stark 1969. Hellfire and delinquency. Social Problems, 17, I2: 202-213. https://doi.org/10.2307/799866
Ibrahim, M. 2013. The rise and proliferation of New Religious Movements (NRMs) in Nigeria. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 3, 15: 181-190.
Inglehart, R.F. 2021. Religion’s sudden decline: What’s causing it, and what comes next? New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197547045.001.0001 Kittrell, A. 2018. Is religion an effective rehabilitation method? Comparing the results. MA dissertation, Department of Public Policy, Helms School of Government Lynchburg, Virginia.
Jang, S.J. & B.R. Johnson 2023. The role of religion in offender rehabilitation and prisoner well-being. Institute for the Study of Religion. Baylor University. Available at: https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/article/religion-offender-rehabilitation-prisoner-well-being/156480/. (Accessed on September 11, 2024.)
Jang, S.J. & B.R. Johnson 2024. Religion and rehabilitation as moral reform: Conceptualization and preliminary evidence. American Journal of Criminal Justice 49, 47-73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-022-09707-3 Johnson, B.R. 2009. The role of religious institutions in responding to crime and delinquency. In Clarke, P.B. (ed.): The Oxford handbook of the sociology of religion, 857-875. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279791.003.0048
Johnson, B.R. & S.J. Jang 2010. Crime and religion: Assessing the role of the faith factor. In Rosenfeld, R., K.F.D. Quinet, & C. Garcia (eds.): Contemporary issues in criminological theory and research: The role of social institutions, 117-149. Wadsworth: Cengage Learning.
Khan, S. 2024. Nexus between faith and therapeutic interventions in the rehabilitation of offenders: A case study of the Muslim minority community in South Africa. Southern African Journal of Social Work and Social Development 36, 2: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.25159/2708-9355/12315 Luckmann, T. 1963. The invisible religion: The problem of religion in modern society. New York: MacMillan. Masondo, S. 2011. African traditional religion in the face of secularism in South Africa: Religion and society. Focus 62: 32-38. Available at: https://hsf.org.za/publications/focus/focus-62/Sibusiso%20Masondo_African%20Traditional%20Religion.pdf. (Accessed on August 25, 2024.)
Minárik, P. 2021. The economics of religion in a globalizing world: Communist China and Post-Communist Central Europe. SHS Web of Conference 92: 1-9. The 20th International Scientific Conference Globalization and its Socio-Economic Consequences 2020. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219207041
Moon, M. 2023. Toward an integrated analysis of social movements and New Religious Movements research. Sociology Compass 17, 12. e13134. 14 pages. https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/soc4.13134
Morris, B. 1987. Anthropological studies of religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mojzes, P.B. 2020. Religion in Eastern Europe after the fall of communism: From euphoria to anxiety. Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe. Thirtieth Anniversary Issue of the Fall of Communism 40, 1: 1-12.
Ndemanu, M.T. 2018. Traditional African religions and their influences on the worldviews of Bangwa people of Cameroon: Expanding the cultural horizons of study abroad students and professionals. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad 30, 1: 70-84. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v30i1.405
Nikolova, I. 2018. Modern morality that gives life to vices: Glimpses of the image of moral decay in Bulgaria. HTS Teologiese Studies/ Theological Studies 74, 1. a4633. 8 pages. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v74i1.4633
Nwube, N.S. & M.N. Edigbo 2023. Religious boom and moral plummet in rural-urban cities of South East Nigeria. Ikwo Journal of Educational Research 8, 13: 34-47.
O’Connor, T.P. 2004. What works? Religion as a correctional intervention: Part 1. Journal of Community Corrections 14, 1: 1-17.
Outhwaite, W. 2020. When did 1989 end? Social Science Information 59, 3: 425-438. https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018420936043
Oxhandler, H.K. & K.I. Pargament 2014. Social work practitioners’ integration of clients’ religion and spirituality in practice: A literature review. Social Work 59, 3: 271-279. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swu018
Perrin, R.D. 2001. When religion becomes deviance: Introducing religion in deviance and social problems courses. Teaching Sociology 29, 2: 134-152. https://doi.org/10.2307/1318713
PEW Research Center. 2012. The global religious landscape: A report on the size and distribution of the world’s major religious groups as of 2010. Available at: http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape.aspx. (Accessed on September 12, 2024.)
Preston, J.L., E. Salomon, & R.S. Ritter 2014. Religious prosociality: Personal, cognitive, and social factors. In Saroglou, V. (ed.): Religion, personality, and social behavior, 149-169. New York: Psychology Press.
Pretorius, S.P. 2011. Spiritual abuse under the banner of the right to freedom of religion in religious cults can be addressed. Acta Theologica 31, 2: 219-240. https://doi.org/10.4314/actat.v31i2.11
Rachmatullah, A., M. Ha, & J. Park 2019. Relations among education, religiosity and socio-economic variables. South African Journal of Education 39, 1: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v39n1a1611
Riesebrodt, M. 2002. Religion in the modern world: Between secularization and resurgence. Max Weber Lecture Series. European University Institute. Italy. Available at: https://www.google.com/search?q=Riesebrodt%2C+M.+2002.+Religion+in+the+modern+world%3A&rlz=1C1ASUM_enZA928ZA928&oq=Riesebrodt%2C+M.+2002.+Religion+in+the+modern+world%3A&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIHCAEQIRigATIHCAIQIRigATIHCAMQIRigATIHCAQQIRigATIHCAUQIRiPAjIHCAYQIRiPAtIBBzk3M2owajeoAgiwAgE&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8. (Accessed on August 22, 2024.)
Rose, D.R. 2002. Social disorganization and parochial control: Religious institutions and their communities. Sociological Forum 15, 2: 339-358. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007525709311
Saunders, K.T. 2022. Religion and growth in human development in post-communist countries during the twenty-first century. Journal of Biblical Integration in Business 24, 39-49. https://doi.org/10.69492/jbib.v24i1.594
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Dec 13, 2024
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Religion Behind Bars: Faith-based Programs in the Rehabilitation of Offenders in the Medium B Westville Correctional Center, Durban. (2024). Journal for the Study of Religion , 37(2). https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3027/2024/v37n2a1
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How to Cite
Religion Behind Bars: Faith-based Programs in the Rehabilitation of Offenders in the Medium B Westville Correctional Center, Durban. (2024). Journal for the Study of Religion , 37(2). https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3027/2024/v37n2a1