Causes, Consequences and Control of Online Advance Fee Fraud in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria

Abstract

In this mixed-method study, which employed strain theory and routine activities theory (RAT) as the theoretical framework, surveys and interviews were conducted with 382 respondents and 10 participants, respectively. The research explored the causes, consequences, and solutions related to online advance fee fraud (OAFF), also known as "419 scams." The primary drivers identified by respondents were unemployment (33.8%), poverty (21.2%), and the allure of easy money, as well as low detection risks, weak regulatory oversight, peer pressure, and poor societal values. It is estimated that victims suffer substantial financial losses (64.1%), emotional trauma (46.6%), and a loss of trust (52.6%), whereas governments suffer financial losses (63.6%), tainted law enforcement (60.7%), and reputational damage (71.4%). As a result of these incidents, companies suffer financial losses (99.5%), reputational losses (74.8%), and customer trust losses (78.7%). Youth empowerment, employment opportunities, awareness raising, partnership with stakeholders, and increased EFCC monitoring were identified as key interventions by respondents. The importance of public vigilance, self-control, avoiding greed, and whistleblowing was emphasised as preventative measures. The study highlighted the evolving nature of OAFF, presently amplified by artificial intelligence and deep-fake technology, which calls for not only socio-economic remedies, but also strong technological, legal, and collective action to counter its increasing impact on individuals, governments, and businesses.