The Complexity of the Intersectionality of Domestic and International Non-Governmental Peacebuilding Organisations in South Sudan
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Résumé
As peace operations and peacebuilding develop, recent discussions have centred on the growth of peacebuilding literature on inclusivity, bottom-up and local approaches. Given that a substantial number of peacebuilding is conducted by Non-governmental organisations, which occupy a middle level to governments and community levels, the paper unpacks the complexity of the interaction of the international and domestic middle-level organisations. The paper presents a case study of South Sudan’s experience, which proves difficult to operationalize the critical inclusivity debates in their operations. The article argues that although there is more participation of local organizations in peacebuilding, the internal and external organizations are still riddled with complex intersections that still maintain the liberal (international) order of peace constituted by a specific form of external governance.
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Références
Bland, G., 2007. Decentralization, Local Governance, and Conflict Mitigation. Governance in post-conflict societies: Rebuilding fragile states, pp.205-26.
Cheema, G.S. and Rondinelli, D.A. eds., 2007. Decentralizing governance: emerging concepts and practices. Brookings Institution Press. (pg 41- 44).
Colgan, D,J,. & Keohane. O,R. 2017. The Liberal Order Is Rigged. Fix It Now or Watch It Wither. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2017-04-17/liberal-order-rigged
Curle, A., 1994. New challenges for citizen peacemaking. Medicine, Conflict and Survival, 10(2), pp.96-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/07488009408409148
Thelen, K., 2000. Timing and temporality in the analysis of institutional evolution and change. Studies in American Political Development, 14(01), pp.101-108. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0898588X00213035
Richmond, Oliver, and Jason Franks. “The Impact of Orthodox Terrorism Discourses on the Liberal Peace: Internalization, Resistance, or Hybridization?” Critical Studies on Terrorism 2, no. 2 (2009): 201–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539150903010574
David Chandler, International State building: The Rise of Post Liberal Governance (London: Routledge, 2010)
Salman, S.M., 2011. The new state of South Sudan and the hydro-politics of the Nile Basin. Water International, 36(2), pp.154-166. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2011.557997
Chandler, D International State building: The Rise of Post Liberal Governance (London: Routledge, 2010). https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590903557330
David E. Spiro. The Insignificance of the Liberal Peace. International Security, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Fall, 1994), pp. 50-86. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539196
Hellmüller, S., 2014. International and local actors in peacebuilding: why don’t they cooperate?.
Dessu, K, M. 07 Dec 2016. Mail and guardian. The UN mission in South Sudan has failed – but it wasn’t given the support to succeed. Internet source: http://mgafrica.com/article/2016-12-07-00-the-un-mission-in-south-sudan-has-failed-but-it-wasnt-given-the-support-to-succeed. Assessed 15 February 2017.
Fetherston, A.B. and Nordstrom, C., 1995. Overcoming habitus in conflict management: UN peacekeeping and war zone ethnography. Peace & Change, 20(1), pp.94-119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0130.1995.tb00625.x
Hoffman, M., 1987. Critical theory and the inter-paradigm debate. Millennium, 16(2), pp.231-250. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298870160022801
Interpeace. What Is Peacebuilding. Internet Source. https://www.interpeace.org/what-we-do/what-is-peacebuilding/
Jabri, V., 2010. War, government, politics: A critical response to the hegemony of the liberal peace. In Palgrave Advances in Peacebuilding (pp. 41-57). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230282681_3
Kraushaar, M. and Lambach, D., 2009. Hybrid political orders: the added value of a new concept. Brisbane: Australian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies.
Massoud, F. 23 January 2014. How grass-roots peace can take hold in South Sudan. Internet source: http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ghJ0EKryxX0J:m.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Common-Ground/2014/0123/How-grass-roots-peace-can-take-hold-in-South-Sudan+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=za. Accessed 12 October 2017
Murithi, T., 2006, ‘African Approaches to Building Peace and Social Solidarity’, African Journal on Conflict Resolution, vol. 6, no. 2, pp.9-34. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcr.v6i2.39402
Nordstrom, C., 1997. A different kind of war story. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Richmond, Oliver, and Jason Franks. “The Impact of Orthodox Terrorism Discourses on the Liberal Peace: Internalization, Resistance, or Hybridization?” Critical Studies on Terrorism 2, no. 2 (2009): 201–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539150903010574
Mac Ginty, R., 2011. International peacebuilding and local resistance: Hybrid forms of peace. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230307032
Rupesinghe, K., 1999. From civil war to civil peace: Multi-Track solutions to armed conflict. In Future Multilateralism (pp. 15-42). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27153-5_2
Salman, S.M., 2011. The new state of South Sudan and the hydro-politics of the Nile Basin. Water International, 36(2), pp.154-166. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2011.557997
Sanam Naraghi Anderlini. “Peace Negotiations and Agreements”. (Inclusive Security 2012) https://www.inclusivesecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/37_peace_negotiations.pdf.
Spivak, G.C., 1988. Can the subaltern speak?. Can the subaltern speak? Reflections on the history of an idea, pp.21-78.
Thelen, K., 2000. Timing and temporality in the analysis of institutional evolution and change. Studies in American Political Development, 14(01), pp.101-108. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0898588X00213035
Timothy Donais. 2009. Empowerment or Imposition? Dilemmas of Local Ownership in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding Processes. Peace and Change
United Nations Peacebuilding Fund. Internet source: http://www.unpbf.org/countries/south-sudan/. Accessed on 14 March 2011.
United Nations. 1998. “Security Council encourages Secretary-General to explore possibility of establishing Post conflict Peacebuilding Structures.” http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/1998/19981229.sc6618.html. Accessed 15 May 2017.
UNMISS 2014. Conflict in South Sudan: A Human Rights Report. The United Nations Mission in South Sudan.
Acharya, A. 2004. How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism. International Organization. 58(02). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818304582024
Donais, T. 2009. of Local Ownership in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding Processes. 25.
Hirblinger, A.T. & Simons, C. 2015. The good, the bad, and the powerful: Representations of the ‘local’ in peacebuilding. Security Dialogue. 46(5):422–439. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010615580055
“In-it-for-the-long-haul-lessons-peacebuilding-south-sudan-jul2018.pdf”. n.d.
Jabri, V. 2013. Peacebuilding, the local and the international: a colonial or a postcolonial rationality? Peacebuilding. 1(1):3–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2013.756253
Lederach, J.P. 1997. Building peace: sustainable reconciliation in divided societies. Washington, D.C: United States Institute of Peace Press.
Richmond, O.P. 2009. A post-liberal peace: Eirenism and the everyday. Review of International Studies. 35(03):557. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210509008651
Cheema, G.S. and Rondinelli, D.A. eds., 2007. Decentralizing governance: emerging concepts and practices. Brookings Institution Press. (pg 41- 44).
Colgan, D,J,. & Keohane. O,R. 2017. The Liberal Order Is Rigged. Fix It Now or Watch It Wither. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2017-04-17/liberal-order-rigged
Curle, A., 1994. New challenges for citizen peacemaking. Medicine, Conflict and Survival, 10(2), pp.96-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/07488009408409148
Thelen, K., 2000. Timing and temporality in the analysis of institutional evolution and change. Studies in American Political Development, 14(01), pp.101-108. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0898588X00213035
Richmond, Oliver, and Jason Franks. “The Impact of Orthodox Terrorism Discourses on the Liberal Peace: Internalization, Resistance, or Hybridization?” Critical Studies on Terrorism 2, no. 2 (2009): 201–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539150903010574
David Chandler, International State building: The Rise of Post Liberal Governance (London: Routledge, 2010)
Salman, S.M., 2011. The new state of South Sudan and the hydro-politics of the Nile Basin. Water International, 36(2), pp.154-166. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2011.557997
Chandler, D International State building: The Rise of Post Liberal Governance (London: Routledge, 2010). https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590903557330
David E. Spiro. The Insignificance of the Liberal Peace. International Security, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Fall, 1994), pp. 50-86. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539196
Hellmüller, S., 2014. International and local actors in peacebuilding: why don’t they cooperate?.
Dessu, K, M. 07 Dec 2016. Mail and guardian. The UN mission in South Sudan has failed – but it wasn’t given the support to succeed. Internet source: http://mgafrica.com/article/2016-12-07-00-the-un-mission-in-south-sudan-has-failed-but-it-wasnt-given-the-support-to-succeed. Assessed 15 February 2017.
Fetherston, A.B. and Nordstrom, C., 1995. Overcoming habitus in conflict management: UN peacekeeping and war zone ethnography. Peace & Change, 20(1), pp.94-119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0130.1995.tb00625.x
Hoffman, M., 1987. Critical theory and the inter-paradigm debate. Millennium, 16(2), pp.231-250. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298870160022801
Interpeace. What Is Peacebuilding. Internet Source. https://www.interpeace.org/what-we-do/what-is-peacebuilding/
Jabri, V., 2010. War, government, politics: A critical response to the hegemony of the liberal peace. In Palgrave Advances in Peacebuilding (pp. 41-57). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230282681_3
Kraushaar, M. and Lambach, D., 2009. Hybrid political orders: the added value of a new concept. Brisbane: Australian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies.
Massoud, F. 23 January 2014. How grass-roots peace can take hold in South Sudan. Internet source: http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ghJ0EKryxX0J:m.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Common-Ground/2014/0123/How-grass-roots-peace-can-take-hold-in-South-Sudan+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=za. Accessed 12 October 2017
Murithi, T., 2006, ‘African Approaches to Building Peace and Social Solidarity’, African Journal on Conflict Resolution, vol. 6, no. 2, pp.9-34. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcr.v6i2.39402
Nordstrom, C., 1997. A different kind of war story. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Richmond, Oliver, and Jason Franks. “The Impact of Orthodox Terrorism Discourses on the Liberal Peace: Internalization, Resistance, or Hybridization?” Critical Studies on Terrorism 2, no. 2 (2009): 201–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539150903010574
Mac Ginty, R., 2011. International peacebuilding and local resistance: Hybrid forms of peace. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230307032
Rupesinghe, K., 1999. From civil war to civil peace: Multi-Track solutions to armed conflict. In Future Multilateralism (pp. 15-42). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27153-5_2
Salman, S.M., 2011. The new state of South Sudan and the hydro-politics of the Nile Basin. Water International, 36(2), pp.154-166. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2011.557997
Sanam Naraghi Anderlini. “Peace Negotiations and Agreements”. (Inclusive Security 2012) https://www.inclusivesecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/37_peace_negotiations.pdf.
Spivak, G.C., 1988. Can the subaltern speak?. Can the subaltern speak? Reflections on the history of an idea, pp.21-78.
Thelen, K., 2000. Timing and temporality in the analysis of institutional evolution and change. Studies in American Political Development, 14(01), pp.101-108. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0898588X00213035
Timothy Donais. 2009. Empowerment or Imposition? Dilemmas of Local Ownership in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding Processes. Peace and Change
United Nations Peacebuilding Fund. Internet source: http://www.unpbf.org/countries/south-sudan/. Accessed on 14 March 2011.
United Nations. 1998. “Security Council encourages Secretary-General to explore possibility of establishing Post conflict Peacebuilding Structures.” http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/1998/19981229.sc6618.html. Accessed 15 May 2017.
UNMISS 2014. Conflict in South Sudan: A Human Rights Report. The United Nations Mission in South Sudan.
Acharya, A. 2004. How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism. International Organization. 58(02). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818304582024
Donais, T. 2009. of Local Ownership in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding Processes. 25.
Hirblinger, A.T. & Simons, C. 2015. The good, the bad, and the powerful: Representations of the ‘local’ in peacebuilding. Security Dialogue. 46(5):422–439. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010615580055
“In-it-for-the-long-haul-lessons-peacebuilding-south-sudan-jul2018.pdf”. n.d.
Jabri, V. 2013. Peacebuilding, the local and the international: a colonial or a postcolonial rationality? Peacebuilding. 1(1):3–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2013.756253
Lederach, J.P. 1997. Building peace: sustainable reconciliation in divided societies. Washington, D.C: United States Institute of Peace Press.
Richmond, O.P. 2009. A post-liberal peace: Eirenism and the everyday. Review of International Studies. 35(03):557. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210509008651
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Feb 1, 2024
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The Complexity of the Intersectionality of Domestic and International Non-Governmental Peacebuilding Organisations in South Sudan. (2024). Revue Africaine De Science Politique, 11(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.36615/2xbk4h64
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The Complexity of the Intersectionality of Domestic and International Non-Governmental Peacebuilding Organisations in South Sudan. (2024). Revue Africaine De Science Politique, 11(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.36615/2xbk4h64