THE LIMIT OF LAND REGULARISATION AS POVERTY ALLEVIATION STRATEGY IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM LAGOS, NIGERIA
Main Article Content
Keywords
Eviction, housing, informal settlement, land regularisation, poverty alleviation
Abstract
Some studies have linked land titling to economic growth and poverty alleviation through access to credit facilities, housing improvement and security against eviction. However, many other studies have equally argued otherwise. It remains an ongoing debate. This paper, contributes to the ongoing debate on the nexus between land titles and poverty alleviation in informal settlements. It demonstrates that land titling, on its own, will not necessarily leads to poverty alleviation, as the
intended beneficiaries are largely not interested in the programme. In addition, empirical evidence from Lagos and some other developing regions of the world suggests that land tiling has not and may not achieve many of the benefits appropriated to it by its proponents. Where it seems to have achieved some of its benefits, it has largely not been to the advantage of the poor. This paper, therefore, concludes that the policymaker must exercise caution on the issue of land titling as a solution to the endemic poverty in informal settlements. They should also explore the option of land tenure continuum. It recommends that an effective poverty alleviation strategy must incorporate the range of assets required to build a sustainable livelihood. It must also take into considerations the complexity of vulnerabilities the urban poor encounter as they pursue their livelihoods objectives.
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References
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The Challenges of Meeting Millienium Development Goal 7 in Metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria.
In A. de Sherbiniin, A. Rahman, A. Barbieri, J. C. Fotso & Y. Zhu (Eds.), Urban Population-
Environment Dynamics in the Developing World: Case Studies and Lessons Learned (pp. 77-
106). Paris: Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography
(CICRED).
Agbola, T., & Jinadu, A. M. (1997). Forced Eviction and Forced Relocation in Nigeria: the
Experience of those Evicted from Maroko in 1990. Environment and Urbanisation, 9(2), 271-
288.
Agboli, M., & Ukaegbu, C. C. (2006). Business Environment and Entrepreneurial Activity in
Nigeria: Implications for Industrial Development. The Journal of Modern African Studies,
44(01), 1-30. doi: doi:10.1017/S0022278X05001394
Agunbiade, M. E. (2012). Land Administration for housing production PhD Thesis, The University
of Melbourne, Australia.
Akinpelu, D. (2012, 16/07/2012). 1,000 Lagos Government Estate Property Owners Get Titles,
The Punch. Retrieved from http://www.punchng.com/business/homes-property/1000-lagosgovt-
estate-property-owners-get-titles/
Arimah, B. C. (2010). The Face of Urban Poverty. Explaining the Prevalence of Slums in
Developing Countries.
Atwood, D. A. (1990). Land Registration in Africa: The Impact on Agricultural Production. World
Development, 18(5), 659–671.
Baker, J., & Schuler, N. (2004). Analyzing Urban Poverty A Summary of Methods and
Approaches World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3399 (pp. 1-66). Washington D.C:
World Bank.
Barry, M., & Ruther, H. (2001). Data Collection and Management for Informal Settlement
Upgrades. Paper presented at the International Conference on Spatial Information for
Sustainable Development, Nairobi, Kenya.
Boleat, M. (2005). Housing Finance in Emerging Markets: A Policy framework.
de Soto, H. (1989). The Other Path. New York: Basic Books.
de Soto, H. (2000). The Mystery of Capital. Why Capital Triumphs in the West and Fails
Everywhere Else. New York: Basic Books.
Deininger, K. (2004). Land Policies for Growth and Poverty Reduction: Key Issues and Challenges
Ahead. Paper presented at the UN, FIG, PC IDEA Inter-regional Special Forum on The
Building of Land Information Policies in the Americas, Aguascalientes, Mexico.
http://www.oecd.org/development/povertyreduction/36562720.pdf
Deininger, K., & Chamorro, J. (2004). Investment and Equity Effects of Land Regularisation: The
Case of Nicaragua. Agricultural Economics, 30, 101-116.
Dey, P. D., Sharma, A., & Barman, S. (2006). Land Tenure security: Is Titling Enough? New Delhi.
DFID. (1999). Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets. London: Department for International Development.
Dowall, D. E. (1998). Making Urban Land Markets Work: Issues and Policy Options (pp. 28). Berkeley, CA.
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The Cases of Kigali in Rwanda and Phnom Penh In Cambodia. Global Urban Development, 3(1).
Durand-Lasserve, A., Fernandes, E., Payne, G., & Smolka, M. (2002). Secure Tenure for the Urban
Poor. Washington, DC.
Durand-Lasserve, A., & Payne, G. (2006). Evaluating Impacts of Urban Land Titling: Results and
Implications: Preliminary Findings.
Durand-Lasserve, A., & Selod, H. (2007). The Formalisation of Urban Land Tenure in Developing
Countries. Paper presented at the Urban Research Symposium, Washington DC.
Easterly, W. (2008). Institutions: Top Down or Bottom Up. American Economic Review, 98(2), 95–99.
Ensminger, J. (1997). Changing Property Rights: Reconciling Formal and Informal Rights to Land
in Africa. In J. Drobak & J. Nye (Eds.), The Frontiers of the New Institutional Economics.
San Diego: Academic Press,.
Field, E. (2004). Property Rights, Community Public Goods, and Household Time Allocation in
Urban Squatter Communities: Evidence from Peru. William and Mary Law Review, 45(3), 837-887.
Gifford, M. L. (2010). A Closer Look at the Market-based Approach to Poverty Reduction through
the Lens of Microfinance and Energy Programs.
Hammond, A. L., Kramer, W. J., Katz, R. S., Tran, J. T., & Walker, C. (2007). The Next 4 billion:
Market Size and Business Strategy at the Base of the Pyramid. Washington DC.
Higginbottom, G.M.A. (2004). Sampling Issues in Qualitative Research. Nurse Researcher, 12(1), 7-19.
Ho, P., & Spoor, M. (2006). Whose Land? The Political Economy of Land Titling in Transitional
Economies. Land Use Policy, 23, 580–587.
Hove, T. V. (2010). The world's largest cities and urban areas in 2006 and 2020. City Mayors
Statistics. Retrieved 30/05/2011, 2011, from
http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_intro.html
Jacoby, H., & Bart, M. (2007). Is Land Titling in Sub-Saharan Africa Cost Effective? Evidence
from Madagascar. World Bank Economic Review, 21(3), 461–485.
Kim, A. (2004). A Market Without the 'Right' Property Rights. Economics of Transition, 12(2), 275-305.
Lagos State Government. (2012). Lagos Welfare and Service Delivery Survey - Lagos State
Hosehold Survey 2011. Ikeja: Lagos State Government.
Lanjouw, J. O., & Levy, P. I. (2002). Untitled: A Study Of Formal and Informal Property Rights
in Urban Ecuador*. The Economic Journal, 112(482), 986-1019. doi: 10.1111/1468-0297.00067
Lombard, M. (2012). Land Tenure and Urban Conflict: A Review of the Literature. Manchester.
McAuslan, P. (1982). The Urban Land Question. Habitat International, 6(5-6), 545-554. doi: Doi:
10.1016/0197-3975(82)90021-2
Miceli, T. J., Sirmans, C. F., & Kieyah, J. (2001). The demand for Land Title Registration: Theory
with Evidence from Kenya. American Law and Economics Review, 3(2), 275-287.
Migot-Adholla, S., Hazell, P., Blarel, B., & Place, F. (1991). Indigenous Land Rights Systems in
Sub-Saharan Africa: A Constraint on Productiveity. World Bank Economiv Review, 5, 155-175.
Mooya, M. M., & Cloete, C. E. (2008). Land Tenure and Urban Poverty Alleviation: Theory,
Evidence and New Directions. Paper presented at the Improving Slum Conditions through
Innovative Financing, Stockholm, Sweden
Morakinyo, K. O., Ogunrayewa, M. O., Koleosho, B. O., & Adenubi, O. O. (2012). Urban Slums
as Spatial Manifestations of Urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Case Study of Ajegunle
Slum Settlement, Lagos, Nigeria. Developing Country Studies, 2(11), 1-10.
Morka, F. (2007). A Place to Live: A Case Study of the Ijora-Badia Community in Lagos, Nigeria
Case Study Prepared for Enhancing Urban Safety and Security: Global Report on Human
Settlements 2007.
Moser, C. O. N. (2007). The Construction of an Asset Index Measuring Asset Accumulation in Ecuador.
Nnodim, O. (2012, February 13, 2012). LASG Clarifies Issues on Land Regularisation, Punch.
Retrieved from http://www.punchng.com/business/homes-property/lasg-clarifies-issues-on-landregularisation/
Nubi, T. O., & Omirin, M. M. (2006). Urban Violence, Land Rights and the Environment. Paper
presented at the International Conference on Environmental Economics and Conflict
Resolution University of Lagos.
OECD. (2001). The DAC Guidelines on Poverty Reduction Paris: OECD.
Olajide, O. (2013). Poverty Alleviation in Lagos Urban Informal Settlements: A Sustainable
Livelihood Approach. Paper presented at the 49th ISOCARP Congress 2013, Brisbane, Australia.
Olajide, O. (2014). Understanding the Complexity of Factors which Influence Livelihoods of the
Urban Poor in Lagos’ Informal Settlements. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Newcastle
University, Newcastle upon Tyne.
Oshodi, L. (2010). An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Institutional Framework for Land
Regularization in Lagos State. (Master of Science in Estate Management Master of Science),
University of Lagos.
Palmer, D., Fricska, S., Wehrmann, B., Augustinus, C., Munro-Faure, P., Törhönen, M.-P., &
Arial, A. (2009). Towards Improved Land Governance.
Payne, G. (Ed.). (2002). Land, Rights and Innovation: Improving tenure security for the urban
poor. London: ITDG Publishing.
Payne, G., & Durand-Lasserve, A. (2012). Holding On: Security of Tenure - Types, Policies,
Practices and Challenges. Paper presented at the Research Paper Prepared for the Special
Rapporteur on Adequate Housing as a Aomponent of the Right to an Adequate Standard of
Living, and on the Right to Non-discrimination
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Housing/SecurityTenure/Payne-Durand-Lasserve-
BackgroundPaper-JAN2013.pdf
Payne, G., Durand-Lasserve, A., & Rakodi, C. (2007). Social and Economic Impacts of Land
Titling Programs in Urban and Per-Urban Areas: A Riview of the Literature. Paper presented
at the World Bank Urban Research Symposium, Washington DC.
Payne, G., Durand-Lasserve, A., & Rakodi, C. (2009). The Limits of Land Titling and Home
Ownership. Environment and Urbanization, 21(2), 443-462. doi:
10.1177/0956247809344364
Payne, G., & Tehrani, E. (2005). Between a Rock and a Hard Place : Negotiating a Space for the
Poor in Expanding Cities. Paper presented at the FIG Expert Group Meeting on Secure Land
Tenure : New Legal Frameworks and Tools. http://www.oicrf.org/document.asp?ID=5791
Pinckney, T. C., & Kimuyu, P. K. (1994). Land Tenure Reform in East Africa: Good, Bad or
Unimportant? Journal of African Economies, 3(1), 1-28.
Place, F. (2009). Land Tenure and Agricultural Productivity in Africa: A Comparative Analysis of
the Economics Literature and Recent Policy Strategies and Reforms. World Development,
37(8), 1326-1336. doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.08.020
SNC-Lavalin. (1995). Final Report on Community Infrastructure Upgrading Programme for
Metropolitan Lagos. In. (Ed.). Lagos: Lagos State Urban Renewal Board.
Srinivas, H. (2005). Urban Squatters and Slums Defining Squatter Settlements. Retrieved
25/05/2011, 2011, from www/gdrc.org/uem/squatters/squatters.html
UN-HABITAT. (2003). The Challenge of Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements, 2003
London: Earthscan.
UN-HABITAT. (2006). State of the World’s Cities 2006/2007– The Millennium Development
Goals and Urban Sustainability: 30 Years of Shaping the Habitat Agenda. Nairobi: United
Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT).
UN-HABITAT. (2007). A Look at the Urban Informal Economy Habitat Debate, 13(2), 1-24.
UNECE. (2009). Self-Made Cities: In Search of Sustainable Solutions for Informal Settlements in
the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Region. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
United Nations. (2009). Rethinking Poverty: Report on the World Social Situation 2010 (D. o. E.
a. S. A. o. t. U. Nations, Trans.) Report on the World Social Situation 2010 New York.
Werlin, H. (1999). The Slum Upgrading Myth. Urban Studies, 36(9), 1523-1534. doi:
10.1080/0042098992908
World Bank. (2003a). Land Policies for Growth and Poverty ReductioN. Oxford.
World Bank. (2003b). Land Policy for Pro-Poor Development. Washington D.C.
World Bank. (2006). The World Bank, Project Appraisal Document for the Lagos Metropolitan
Development and Governance Project.
World Bank, & International Finance Corporation. (2013). Doing Business 2014: Understanding
Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises (11th ed.). Washington, DC.
The Challenges of Meeting Millienium Development Goal 7 in Metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria.
In A. de Sherbiniin, A. Rahman, A. Barbieri, J. C. Fotso & Y. Zhu (Eds.), Urban Population-
Environment Dynamics in the Developing World: Case Studies and Lessons Learned (pp. 77-
106). Paris: Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography
(CICRED).
Agbola, T., & Jinadu, A. M. (1997). Forced Eviction and Forced Relocation in Nigeria: the
Experience of those Evicted from Maroko in 1990. Environment and Urbanisation, 9(2), 271-
288.
Agboli, M., & Ukaegbu, C. C. (2006). Business Environment and Entrepreneurial Activity in
Nigeria: Implications for Industrial Development. The Journal of Modern African Studies,
44(01), 1-30. doi: doi:10.1017/S0022278X05001394
Agunbiade, M. E. (2012). Land Administration for housing production PhD Thesis, The University
of Melbourne, Australia.
Akinpelu, D. (2012, 16/07/2012). 1,000 Lagos Government Estate Property Owners Get Titles,
The Punch. Retrieved from http://www.punchng.com/business/homes-property/1000-lagosgovt-
estate-property-owners-get-titles/
Arimah, B. C. (2010). The Face of Urban Poverty. Explaining the Prevalence of Slums in
Developing Countries.
Atwood, D. A. (1990). Land Registration in Africa: The Impact on Agricultural Production. World
Development, 18(5), 659–671.
Baker, J., & Schuler, N. (2004). Analyzing Urban Poverty A Summary of Methods and
Approaches World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3399 (pp. 1-66). Washington D.C:
World Bank.
Barry, M., & Ruther, H. (2001). Data Collection and Management for Informal Settlement
Upgrades. Paper presented at the International Conference on Spatial Information for
Sustainable Development, Nairobi, Kenya.
Boleat, M. (2005). Housing Finance in Emerging Markets: A Policy framework.
de Soto, H. (1989). The Other Path. New York: Basic Books.
de Soto, H. (2000). The Mystery of Capital. Why Capital Triumphs in the West and Fails
Everywhere Else. New York: Basic Books.
Deininger, K. (2004). Land Policies for Growth and Poverty Reduction: Key Issues and Challenges
Ahead. Paper presented at the UN, FIG, PC IDEA Inter-regional Special Forum on The
Building of Land Information Policies in the Americas, Aguascalientes, Mexico.
http://www.oecd.org/development/povertyreduction/36562720.pdf
Deininger, K., & Chamorro, J. (2004). Investment and Equity Effects of Land Regularisation: The
Case of Nicaragua. Agricultural Economics, 30, 101-116.
Dey, P. D., Sharma, A., & Barman, S. (2006). Land Tenure security: Is Titling Enough? New Delhi.
DFID. (1999). Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets. London: Department for International Development.
Dowall, D. E. (1998). Making Urban Land Markets Work: Issues and Policy Options (pp. 28). Berkeley, CA.
Durand-Lasserve, A. (2007). Market-Driven Eviction Processes in Developing Country Cities:
The Cases of Kigali in Rwanda and Phnom Penh In Cambodia. Global Urban Development, 3(1).
Durand-Lasserve, A., Fernandes, E., Payne, G., & Smolka, M. (2002). Secure Tenure for the Urban
Poor. Washington, DC.
Durand-Lasserve, A., & Payne, G. (2006). Evaluating Impacts of Urban Land Titling: Results and
Implications: Preliminary Findings.
Durand-Lasserve, A., & Selod, H. (2007). The Formalisation of Urban Land Tenure in Developing
Countries. Paper presented at the Urban Research Symposium, Washington DC.
Easterly, W. (2008). Institutions: Top Down or Bottom Up. American Economic Review, 98(2), 95–99.
Ensminger, J. (1997). Changing Property Rights: Reconciling Formal and Informal Rights to Land
in Africa. In J. Drobak & J. Nye (Eds.), The Frontiers of the New Institutional Economics.
San Diego: Academic Press,.
Field, E. (2004). Property Rights, Community Public Goods, and Household Time Allocation in
Urban Squatter Communities: Evidence from Peru. William and Mary Law Review, 45(3), 837-887.
Gifford, M. L. (2010). A Closer Look at the Market-based Approach to Poverty Reduction through
the Lens of Microfinance and Energy Programs.
Hammond, A. L., Kramer, W. J., Katz, R. S., Tran, J. T., & Walker, C. (2007). The Next 4 billion:
Market Size and Business Strategy at the Base of the Pyramid. Washington DC.
Higginbottom, G.M.A. (2004). Sampling Issues in Qualitative Research. Nurse Researcher, 12(1), 7-19.
Ho, P., & Spoor, M. (2006). Whose Land? The Political Economy of Land Titling in Transitional
Economies. Land Use Policy, 23, 580–587.
Hove, T. V. (2010). The world's largest cities and urban areas in 2006 and 2020. City Mayors
Statistics. Retrieved 30/05/2011, 2011, from
http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_intro.html
Jacoby, H., & Bart, M. (2007). Is Land Titling in Sub-Saharan Africa Cost Effective? Evidence
from Madagascar. World Bank Economic Review, 21(3), 461–485.
Kim, A. (2004). A Market Without the 'Right' Property Rights. Economics of Transition, 12(2), 275-305.
Lagos State Government. (2012). Lagos Welfare and Service Delivery Survey - Lagos State
Hosehold Survey 2011. Ikeja: Lagos State Government.
Lanjouw, J. O., & Levy, P. I. (2002). Untitled: A Study Of Formal and Informal Property Rights
in Urban Ecuador*. The Economic Journal, 112(482), 986-1019. doi: 10.1111/1468-0297.00067
Lombard, M. (2012). Land Tenure and Urban Conflict: A Review of the Literature. Manchester.
McAuslan, P. (1982). The Urban Land Question. Habitat International, 6(5-6), 545-554. doi: Doi:
10.1016/0197-3975(82)90021-2
Miceli, T. J., Sirmans, C. F., & Kieyah, J. (2001). The demand for Land Title Registration: Theory
with Evidence from Kenya. American Law and Economics Review, 3(2), 275-287.
Migot-Adholla, S., Hazell, P., Blarel, B., & Place, F. (1991). Indigenous Land Rights Systems in
Sub-Saharan Africa: A Constraint on Productiveity. World Bank Economiv Review, 5, 155-175.
Mooya, M. M., & Cloete, C. E. (2008). Land Tenure and Urban Poverty Alleviation: Theory,
Evidence and New Directions. Paper presented at the Improving Slum Conditions through
Innovative Financing, Stockholm, Sweden
Morakinyo, K. O., Ogunrayewa, M. O., Koleosho, B. O., & Adenubi, O. O. (2012). Urban Slums
as Spatial Manifestations of Urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Case Study of Ajegunle
Slum Settlement, Lagos, Nigeria. Developing Country Studies, 2(11), 1-10.
Morka, F. (2007). A Place to Live: A Case Study of the Ijora-Badia Community in Lagos, Nigeria
Case Study Prepared for Enhancing Urban Safety and Security: Global Report on Human
Settlements 2007.
Moser, C. O. N. (2007). The Construction of an Asset Index Measuring Asset Accumulation in Ecuador.
Nnodim, O. (2012, February 13, 2012). LASG Clarifies Issues on Land Regularisation, Punch.
Retrieved from http://www.punchng.com/business/homes-property/lasg-clarifies-issues-on-landregularisation/
Nubi, T. O., & Omirin, M. M. (2006). Urban Violence, Land Rights and the Environment. Paper
presented at the International Conference on Environmental Economics and Conflict
Resolution University of Lagos.
OECD. (2001). The DAC Guidelines on Poverty Reduction Paris: OECD.
Olajide, O. (2013). Poverty Alleviation in Lagos Urban Informal Settlements: A Sustainable
Livelihood Approach. Paper presented at the 49th ISOCARP Congress 2013, Brisbane, Australia.
Olajide, O. (2014). Understanding the Complexity of Factors which Influence Livelihoods of the
Urban Poor in Lagos’ Informal Settlements. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Newcastle
University, Newcastle upon Tyne.
Oshodi, L. (2010). An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Institutional Framework for Land
Regularization in Lagos State. (Master of Science in Estate Management Master of Science),
University of Lagos.
Palmer, D., Fricska, S., Wehrmann, B., Augustinus, C., Munro-Faure, P., Törhönen, M.-P., &
Arial, A. (2009). Towards Improved Land Governance.
Payne, G. (Ed.). (2002). Land, Rights and Innovation: Improving tenure security for the urban
poor. London: ITDG Publishing.
Payne, G., & Durand-Lasserve, A. (2012). Holding On: Security of Tenure - Types, Policies,
Practices and Challenges. Paper presented at the Research Paper Prepared for the Special
Rapporteur on Adequate Housing as a Aomponent of the Right to an Adequate Standard of
Living, and on the Right to Non-discrimination
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Housing/SecurityTenure/Payne-Durand-Lasserve-
BackgroundPaper-JAN2013.pdf
Payne, G., Durand-Lasserve, A., & Rakodi, C. (2007). Social and Economic Impacts of Land
Titling Programs in Urban and Per-Urban Areas: A Riview of the Literature. Paper presented
at the World Bank Urban Research Symposium, Washington DC.
Payne, G., Durand-Lasserve, A., & Rakodi, C. (2009). The Limits of Land Titling and Home
Ownership. Environment and Urbanization, 21(2), 443-462. doi:
10.1177/0956247809344364
Payne, G., & Tehrani, E. (2005). Between a Rock and a Hard Place : Negotiating a Space for the
Poor in Expanding Cities. Paper presented at the FIG Expert Group Meeting on Secure Land
Tenure : New Legal Frameworks and Tools. http://www.oicrf.org/document.asp?ID=5791
Pinckney, T. C., & Kimuyu, P. K. (1994). Land Tenure Reform in East Africa: Good, Bad or
Unimportant? Journal of African Economies, 3(1), 1-28.
Place, F. (2009). Land Tenure and Agricultural Productivity in Africa: A Comparative Analysis of
the Economics Literature and Recent Policy Strategies and Reforms. World Development,
37(8), 1326-1336. doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.08.020
SNC-Lavalin. (1995). Final Report on Community Infrastructure Upgrading Programme for
Metropolitan Lagos. In. (Ed.). Lagos: Lagos State Urban Renewal Board.
Srinivas, H. (2005). Urban Squatters and Slums Defining Squatter Settlements. Retrieved
25/05/2011, 2011, from www/gdrc.org/uem/squatters/squatters.html
UN-HABITAT. (2003). The Challenge of Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements, 2003
London: Earthscan.
UN-HABITAT. (2006). State of the World’s Cities 2006/2007– The Millennium Development
Goals and Urban Sustainability: 30 Years of Shaping the Habitat Agenda. Nairobi: United
Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT).
UN-HABITAT. (2007). A Look at the Urban Informal Economy Habitat Debate, 13(2), 1-24.
UNECE. (2009). Self-Made Cities: In Search of Sustainable Solutions for Informal Settlements in
the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Region. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
United Nations. (2009). Rethinking Poverty: Report on the World Social Situation 2010 (D. o. E.
a. S. A. o. t. U. Nations, Trans.) Report on the World Social Situation 2010 New York.
Werlin, H. (1999). The Slum Upgrading Myth. Urban Studies, 36(9), 1523-1534. doi:
10.1080/0042098992908
World Bank. (2003a). Land Policies for Growth and Poverty ReductioN. Oxford.
World Bank. (2003b). Land Policy for Pro-Poor Development. Washington D.C.
World Bank. (2006). The World Bank, Project Appraisal Document for the Lagos Metropolitan
Development and Governance Project.
World Bank, & International Finance Corporation. (2013). Doing Business 2014: Understanding
Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises (11th ed.). Washington, DC.
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Jun 1, 2015
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THE LIMIT OF LAND REGULARISATION AS POVERTY ALLEVIATION STRATEGY IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM LAGOS, NIGERIA. (2015). Journal of Construction Project Management and Innovation, 5(1), 1045-1063. https://doi.org/10.36615/jcpmi.v5i1.78
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How to Cite
THE LIMIT OF LAND REGULARISATION AS POVERTY ALLEVIATION STRATEGY IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM LAGOS, NIGERIA. (2015). Journal of Construction Project Management and Innovation, 5(1), 1045-1063. https://doi.org/10.36615/jcpmi.v5i1.78