FRAMEWORK FOR THE SUSTAINABILITY OF HOUSING CO-OPERATIVES IN SOUTH AFRICA
Main Article Content
Keywords
Co-operative housing, Framework, Housing, Housing co-operative, South Africa
Abstract
The current difficulties in obtaining credit for housing, following the global economic crisis, show that private individual home-ownership is not effective enough in addressing the housing needs of the low and middle income groups. As a result of this and coupled with the limited studies in South Africa on co-operative housing at that time, the need to find an option that will solve the housing needs of the people became intense. The study developed a framework for the sustainability of housing co-operatives through the administration of 176 self-addressed structured questionnaires to housing co-operatives based on the strategies identified from literature. The data was analysed using mean score and Cronbach’s Reliability Coefficient Test. Based on the findings, framework for sustainable housing co-operatives in South Africa was developed from the strategies. The strategies were categorised into the following factors: policy and legislation; support services; education, training and information; and governance. The framework developed has practical relevance to government officials in the Department of Human Settlements at the Municipal, Provincial and National level in terms of policy formulation
in areas of co-operative housing subsector and also the various housing co-operatives in the area of governance of their members. Apart from these categories, the roles to be played by organisations such as South Africa Housing Co-operatives Association (SAHCA), Housing Development Agency, Social Housing Regulatory Agency and financial institutions were enunciated.
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References
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co-operatives. Available from: www.chfcanada.coop/ (Accessed 31 January 2011).
CHF (2010a). Beyond participation: Building a foundation for real member involvement.
Available from: www.chfcanada.coop/ (Accessed 31 January 2011).
Collins, K.M.T., Onwuegbuzie, A.J. & Jiao, Q.G. (2007). A mixed methods investigation of mixed
methods sampling designs in social and health science research. Journal of Mixed Methods
Research, 1(3), 267-294.
Collis, J. & Hussey, R. (2003). Business research: A practical guide for undergraduate and
postgraduate students, 2nd edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Creswell, J.W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods
Approaches, 3rd edition. California: Sage publications, Inc.
Crofton, O. (2006). Housing co-operatives in South Africa: Experiences and lessons. Housing in
Southern Africa, February, p 18.
Cull, T. (2001). The seven buildings project: Is co-operative housing the answer to South Africa’s
housing crisis? Africa Insight, 31(1).
Department of Trade & Industry (2009). The DTI Baseline Study of Co-operatives in South Africa.
Available from: www.dti.gov.za/baseline (Accessed 10 February 2010).
Eglin, R. (2008). Housing co-operatives: Lessons from Afesis-Corplan’s co-operative housing
experience. Available from: www.afesis.org.za/publications (Accessed 24 March 2010).
Ellery, S. (2008). Born in Britain, the co-operative dream has spread around the world, giving
millions of people housing: The bigger picture. Inside Housing, August. Available from:
www.ccmh.coop/sites/ (Accessed 26 April 2011), 26-28.
Fish, M. (2003). Social housing. In Housing policy and practice in post-apartheid South Africa.
Edited by Khan, F & Thring, P. South Africa: Heinemann publishers limited.
Gliem, J.A. & Gliem, R.R. (2003). Calculating, interpreting and reporting Cronbach’s alpha
reliability coefficient for Likert-type scales. Paper presented at the Midwest research to
practice conference in adult and community education at the Ohio State University:
Columbus. Available from: https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/ (Accessed 14 March 2011).
Hamlyn, M. (2010). Sexwale: New strategy to fix housing problem, Mail and Guardian online.
Available from: www.mg.co.za/articles/ (Accessed 2 September 2010).
ICA (s.a.)a. Housing Co-operatives in Sweden. Available from: www.ica.org/alhousing/
attachments (Accessed on 29 March 2010).
ICA (s.a.)b. Housing Co-operatives in Czech Republic. Available from: www.ica.org/alhousing/
attachments (Accessed on 27 April 2010).
ICA (s.a.)c. Housing Co-operatives in Germany. Available from: www.ica.org/alhousing/
attachments (Accessed on 29 March 2010).
ICA (s.a.)d. Housing Co-operatives in Norway. Available from: www.ica.org/alhousing/
attachments (Accessed on 29 March 2010).
ICA (s.a.)e. Housing Co-operatives in Portugal. Available from: www.ica.org/alhousing/
attachments (Accessed on 27 April 2010).
ICA (2010). Housing Co-operatives in Egypt. Available from: www.ica.org/alhousing/
attachments (Accessed on 28 February 2011).
Jaadla, A. (2002). Co-operative housing in Estonia, Report of Colloquium on Contribution of the
Co-operative Sector to Housing Development, 27-28 June, 2002 held in Turkey. Available
from: www.unhabitat.org/publications/ (Accessed 25 January 2010).
Jara, M.K. & Satgar, V. (2008). International co-operative experiences & lessons for the Eastern
Cape co-operative development strategies: A literature review. Available from:
www.copac.org.za/publications (Accessed 28 April 2010).
Mabogunje, A.L. (2008). Addressing Finance & Resource Constraints for Housing & Urban
Development in Africa. Keynote address delivered at the Experts Session of the African
Ministerial Conference on Housing & Urban Development (AMCHUD) II: Abuja, Nigeria.
Matsela, Z. (2010). Presentation on housing co-operatives by SAHCA to National Housing
Portfolio Committee Parliament, Cape Town, 24 February 2010.
Mayor of London (2004). Community Land Trusts & Mutual Housing Models, a research report
for the Mayor of London. Available from: http://legacy.london.gov.uk/mayor/housing/doc...
(Accessed 21 May 2010).
Mubvami, T. & Kamete, A. (2001). Shelter Co-operatives in Zimbabwe: Contributions of the Cooperative
Sector to Shelter Development. Available from: www.UN-Habitat.org/publications/
(Accessed 25 January 2010).
Napier, M. (2006). A macro-perspective on the first decade of South African housing delivery and
its contribution towards the formation of sustainable settlements and communities. Paper
presented at DBSA knowledge week, Halfway House: Johannesburg.
National Department of Housing (2005). Social Housing Policy for South Africa: Towards an
enabling environment for social housing development. Available from: www.housing.gov.za/
(Accessed 3 February 2010).
National Department of Housing (2009). The National Housing Code, Part 3: Social Housing
Policy. Available from: www.housing.gov.za/ (Accessed 6 May 2010).
National Department of Housing (2009a). The National Housing Code, Part 2: The Policy Context.
Available from: www.housing.gov.za/ (Accessed 6 May 2010).
Ong, H.C. (2003). A new model of Public-Private-Partnerships for affordable housing in Malaysia.
Unpublished PhD thesis submitted to School of Construction and Property Management,
University of Salford, Salford.
Onukwugha, V.C. (2000). Agri - villages: A pragmatic Co-operative Approach to poverty
Alleviation Housing schemes in Nigeria. Paper presented at the 4th International Conference
on Housing: Abuja, Nigeria.
Pedersen, R.B. (2002). Co-operative housing: the Norwegian housing model, Report of
Colloquium on Contribution of the Co-operative Sector to Housing Development, 27-28 June,
2002 held in Turkey. Available from: www.unhabitat.org/publications/ (Accessed 25 January 2010).
Pretorius, J.T, Delport, P.A, Havenga, M. & Vermaas, M. (2008). South African company law
through cases: A source book, 6th edition. Cape Town: Juta & company limited.
Rodgers, D. (1999). The origins of co-operation and housing co-operatives in the UK. Paper
presented at the international conference on co-operative housing organised by Social
Housing Foundation and COPE Housing Association: Johannesburg.
Rooftop Canada Resource Centre (s.a.). Primer on Co-operative Housing. Available from:
www.ica.coop/al-housing/attachments/ (Accessed 2 March 2010).
Ross, N., Bowen, P.A., & Lincoln, D. (2010). Sustainable housing for low-income communities:
lessons for South Africa in local and other developing world cases. Construction Management
& Economics, 28, 433-449.
Rust, K. (2001). Shelter Co-operatives in South Africa: Contributions of the Co-operative Sector
to Shelter Development. Available from: www.UN-Habitat.org/publications/ (Accessed 25 January 2010).
Rust, K. (2001a). Update on the status of Housing Co-operatives in South Africa; Draft report
prepared for the Social Housing Foundation (SHF), October.
Rust, K. (2006). Analysis of South Africa housing sector performance. Johannesburg: Finmark Trust.
Sexwale, T. (2010). Human Settlement: Minister’s Budget Speech. Address by the Human
Settlements Minister on the occasion of the Human Settlements Budget Vote, National
Assembly, Cape Town, April 21.
Sexwale, T. (2010a). Keynote address delivered by the Minister of Human Settlements during the
Knowledge Week 2010. Final report of the South African Human Settlements 2030:
Rethinking the spatial development trajectory. Available from: www.dbsa.org/Research/
(Accessed 15 June 2011).
SHF (2000). Guidelines for social housing design. Johannesburg: SHF
SHF (2010). A reference guide on the Legislative & Regulatory environment affecting Social
Housing & the implications for Social Housing Project Development & Management.
Available from: www.shf.org.za/ (Accessed 3 February 2010).
Teddlie, C. & Yu, F. (2007). Mixed methods sampling: A typology with examples. Journal of
Mixed Methods Research, 1(1), 77-100.
Trusler, K.A. & Cloete, C.E. (2009). Are the incentives offered by the Social Housing Programme
attractive enough to ensure the participation of the private sector? Proceedings of the
RICS/COBRA Research conference held in the University of Cape Town. Conducted by the
RICS/COBRA, UK: RICS/COBRA.
UN (2004). South Africa’s progress report on Human Settlements, Commission for Sustainable
Development Twelfth Session, 14-30 April 2004. New York: United Nations.
UN (2009). Co-operatives in social development, Report of the United Nations Secretary General
at the sixty-fourth session of the General Assembly on 31st July, New York. Available from:
www.copac.coop/publications/ (Accessed 23 March 2010).
UN-DESA and UN-Habitat (2004). Background report on sustainable human settlements
development and management, presented at the 12th Session of the Commission on Sustainable
Development, 19-30 April 2004, New York. Available from:
www.unhabitat.org/csd/documents/main.pdf (Accessed 28 February 2010).
UN-Habitat (2006). Co-operative housing: Experiences of mutual self-help. Available from:
www.unhabitat.org/publications/ (Accessed 25 January 2010).
UN-Habitat (2006a). Shelter co-operatives in Eastern and Southern Africa. Available from:
www.unhabitat.org/publications/ (Accessed 25 January 2010).
UN-Habitat (2008). Housing Finance System in South Africa: The Human Settlements Finance
Systems Series. Available from: www.unhabitat.org/publications/ (Accessed 25 January 2010).
UN-Habitat (2011a). Affordable land and housing in Asia, volume 2. Available from: www.unhabitat.
org/publications/ (Accessed 7 December 2011).
UN-Habitat (2011b). Housing finance: Ways to help the poor pay for housing. Available from:
www.un-habitat.org/publications/ (Accessed 13 June 2011).
Van Wyk, J.J. (2009). Formulating a housing management model for developing countries with
specific reference to South Africa. Unpublished PhD thesis submitted to Faculty of Arts,
Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
Zuma, J. (2010). Address of the President of the Republic of South Africa on Freedom Day at
Tshwane. Available from: www.thepresidency.gov.za/ (Accessed 28 April 2010).
collaboration in Ghana. Journal of Construction, 4(2), 26-31.
Anonymous (2005). Can Co-operative Housing Break New Ground? Address at the conference on
the development of the co-operative housing sector in South Africa organised by the Social
Housing Foundation: Durban.
CCMH (2009). Bringing democracy home. Edited by Bliss, N. Available from:
www.cch.coop/.../bdh-commission-report.pdf (Accessed 17 May 2010).
Charlton, S. & Kihato, C. (2006). Reaching the Poor? An Analysis of the Influences on the
Evolution of South Africa’s Housing Programme. In Democracy and Delivery: Urban Policy
in South Africa. Edited by Pillay, U., Tomlinson, R. & du Toit, J. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
CHF (2009). Getting management right: A guide to the core management standards for housing
co-operatives. Available from: www.chfcanada.coop/ (Accessed 31 January 2011).
CHF (2010). Getting governance right: Good governance and principled leadership for housing
co-operatives. Available from: www.chfcanada.coop/ (Accessed 31 January 2011).
CHF (2010a). Beyond participation: Building a foundation for real member involvement.
Available from: www.chfcanada.coop/ (Accessed 31 January 2011).
Collins, K.M.T., Onwuegbuzie, A.J. & Jiao, Q.G. (2007). A mixed methods investigation of mixed
methods sampling designs in social and health science research. Journal of Mixed Methods
Research, 1(3), 267-294.
Collis, J. & Hussey, R. (2003). Business research: A practical guide for undergraduate and
postgraduate students, 2nd edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Creswell, J.W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods
Approaches, 3rd edition. California: Sage publications, Inc.
Crofton, O. (2006). Housing co-operatives in South Africa: Experiences and lessons. Housing in
Southern Africa, February, p 18.
Cull, T. (2001). The seven buildings project: Is co-operative housing the answer to South Africa’s
housing crisis? Africa Insight, 31(1).
Department of Trade & Industry (2009). The DTI Baseline Study of Co-operatives in South Africa.
Available from: www.dti.gov.za/baseline (Accessed 10 February 2010).
Eglin, R. (2008). Housing co-operatives: Lessons from Afesis-Corplan’s co-operative housing
experience. Available from: www.afesis.org.za/publications (Accessed 24 March 2010).
Ellery, S. (2008). Born in Britain, the co-operative dream has spread around the world, giving
millions of people housing: The bigger picture. Inside Housing, August. Available from:
www.ccmh.coop/sites/ (Accessed 26 April 2011), 26-28.
Fish, M. (2003). Social housing. In Housing policy and practice in post-apartheid South Africa.
Edited by Khan, F & Thring, P. South Africa: Heinemann publishers limited.
Gliem, J.A. & Gliem, R.R. (2003). Calculating, interpreting and reporting Cronbach’s alpha
reliability coefficient for Likert-type scales. Paper presented at the Midwest research to
practice conference in adult and community education at the Ohio State University:
Columbus. Available from: https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/ (Accessed 14 March 2011).
Hamlyn, M. (2010). Sexwale: New strategy to fix housing problem, Mail and Guardian online.
Available from: www.mg.co.za/articles/ (Accessed 2 September 2010).
ICA (s.a.)a. Housing Co-operatives in Sweden. Available from: www.ica.org/alhousing/
attachments (Accessed on 29 March 2010).
ICA (s.a.)b. Housing Co-operatives in Czech Republic. Available from: www.ica.org/alhousing/
attachments (Accessed on 27 April 2010).
ICA (s.a.)c. Housing Co-operatives in Germany. Available from: www.ica.org/alhousing/
attachments (Accessed on 29 March 2010).
ICA (s.a.)d. Housing Co-operatives in Norway. Available from: www.ica.org/alhousing/
attachments (Accessed on 29 March 2010).
ICA (s.a.)e. Housing Co-operatives in Portugal. Available from: www.ica.org/alhousing/
attachments (Accessed on 27 April 2010).
ICA (2010). Housing Co-operatives in Egypt. Available from: www.ica.org/alhousing/
attachments (Accessed on 28 February 2011).
Jaadla, A. (2002). Co-operative housing in Estonia, Report of Colloquium on Contribution of the
Co-operative Sector to Housing Development, 27-28 June, 2002 held in Turkey. Available
from: www.unhabitat.org/publications/ (Accessed 25 January 2010).
Jara, M.K. & Satgar, V. (2008). International co-operative experiences & lessons for the Eastern
Cape co-operative development strategies: A literature review. Available from:
www.copac.org.za/publications (Accessed 28 April 2010).
Mabogunje, A.L. (2008). Addressing Finance & Resource Constraints for Housing & Urban
Development in Africa. Keynote address delivered at the Experts Session of the African
Ministerial Conference on Housing & Urban Development (AMCHUD) II: Abuja, Nigeria.
Matsela, Z. (2010). Presentation on housing co-operatives by SAHCA to National Housing
Portfolio Committee Parliament, Cape Town, 24 February 2010.
Mayor of London (2004). Community Land Trusts & Mutual Housing Models, a research report
for the Mayor of London. Available from: http://legacy.london.gov.uk/mayor/housing/doc...
(Accessed 21 May 2010).
Mubvami, T. & Kamete, A. (2001). Shelter Co-operatives in Zimbabwe: Contributions of the Cooperative
Sector to Shelter Development. Available from: www.UN-Habitat.org/publications/
(Accessed 25 January 2010).
Napier, M. (2006). A macro-perspective on the first decade of South African housing delivery and
its contribution towards the formation of sustainable settlements and communities. Paper
presented at DBSA knowledge week, Halfway House: Johannesburg.
National Department of Housing (2005). Social Housing Policy for South Africa: Towards an
enabling environment for social housing development. Available from: www.housing.gov.za/
(Accessed 3 February 2010).
National Department of Housing (2009). The National Housing Code, Part 3: Social Housing
Policy. Available from: www.housing.gov.za/ (Accessed 6 May 2010).
National Department of Housing (2009a). The National Housing Code, Part 2: The Policy Context.
Available from: www.housing.gov.za/ (Accessed 6 May 2010).
Ong, H.C. (2003). A new model of Public-Private-Partnerships for affordable housing in Malaysia.
Unpublished PhD thesis submitted to School of Construction and Property Management,
University of Salford, Salford.
Onukwugha, V.C. (2000). Agri - villages: A pragmatic Co-operative Approach to poverty
Alleviation Housing schemes in Nigeria. Paper presented at the 4th International Conference
on Housing: Abuja, Nigeria.
Pedersen, R.B. (2002). Co-operative housing: the Norwegian housing model, Report of
Colloquium on Contribution of the Co-operative Sector to Housing Development, 27-28 June,
2002 held in Turkey. Available from: www.unhabitat.org/publications/ (Accessed 25 January 2010).
Pretorius, J.T, Delport, P.A, Havenga, M. & Vermaas, M. (2008). South African company law
through cases: A source book, 6th edition. Cape Town: Juta & company limited.
Rodgers, D. (1999). The origins of co-operation and housing co-operatives in the UK. Paper
presented at the international conference on co-operative housing organised by Social
Housing Foundation and COPE Housing Association: Johannesburg.
Rooftop Canada Resource Centre (s.a.). Primer on Co-operative Housing. Available from:
www.ica.coop/al-housing/attachments/ (Accessed 2 March 2010).
Ross, N., Bowen, P.A., & Lincoln, D. (2010). Sustainable housing for low-income communities:
lessons for South Africa in local and other developing world cases. Construction Management
& Economics, 28, 433-449.
Rust, K. (2001). Shelter Co-operatives in South Africa: Contributions of the Co-operative Sector
to Shelter Development. Available from: www.UN-Habitat.org/publications/ (Accessed 25 January 2010).
Rust, K. (2001a). Update on the status of Housing Co-operatives in South Africa; Draft report
prepared for the Social Housing Foundation (SHF), October.
Rust, K. (2006). Analysis of South Africa housing sector performance. Johannesburg: Finmark Trust.
Sexwale, T. (2010). Human Settlement: Minister’s Budget Speech. Address by the Human
Settlements Minister on the occasion of the Human Settlements Budget Vote, National
Assembly, Cape Town, April 21.
Sexwale, T. (2010a). Keynote address delivered by the Minister of Human Settlements during the
Knowledge Week 2010. Final report of the South African Human Settlements 2030:
Rethinking the spatial development trajectory. Available from: www.dbsa.org/Research/
(Accessed 15 June 2011).
SHF (2000). Guidelines for social housing design. Johannesburg: SHF
SHF (2010). A reference guide on the Legislative & Regulatory environment affecting Social
Housing & the implications for Social Housing Project Development & Management.
Available from: www.shf.org.za/ (Accessed 3 February 2010).
Teddlie, C. & Yu, F. (2007). Mixed methods sampling: A typology with examples. Journal of
Mixed Methods Research, 1(1), 77-100.
Trusler, K.A. & Cloete, C.E. (2009). Are the incentives offered by the Social Housing Programme
attractive enough to ensure the participation of the private sector? Proceedings of the
RICS/COBRA Research conference held in the University of Cape Town. Conducted by the
RICS/COBRA, UK: RICS/COBRA.
UN (2004). South Africa’s progress report on Human Settlements, Commission for Sustainable
Development Twelfth Session, 14-30 April 2004. New York: United Nations.
UN (2009). Co-operatives in social development, Report of the United Nations Secretary General
at the sixty-fourth session of the General Assembly on 31st July, New York. Available from:
www.copac.coop/publications/ (Accessed 23 March 2010).
UN-DESA and UN-Habitat (2004). Background report on sustainable human settlements
development and management, presented at the 12th Session of the Commission on Sustainable
Development, 19-30 April 2004, New York. Available from:
www.unhabitat.org/csd/documents/main.pdf (Accessed 28 February 2010).
UN-Habitat (2006). Co-operative housing: Experiences of mutual self-help. Available from:
www.unhabitat.org/publications/ (Accessed 25 January 2010).
UN-Habitat (2006a). Shelter co-operatives in Eastern and Southern Africa. Available from:
www.unhabitat.org/publications/ (Accessed 25 January 2010).
UN-Habitat (2008). Housing Finance System in South Africa: The Human Settlements Finance
Systems Series. Available from: www.unhabitat.org/publications/ (Accessed 25 January 2010).
UN-Habitat (2011a). Affordable land and housing in Asia, volume 2. Available from: www.unhabitat.
org/publications/ (Accessed 7 December 2011).
UN-Habitat (2011b). Housing finance: Ways to help the poor pay for housing. Available from:
www.un-habitat.org/publications/ (Accessed 13 June 2011).
Van Wyk, J.J. (2009). Formulating a housing management model for developing countries with
specific reference to South Africa. Unpublished PhD thesis submitted to Faculty of Arts,
Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
Zuma, J. (2010). Address of the President of the Republic of South Africa on Freedom Day at
Tshwane. Available from: www.thepresidency.gov.za/ (Accessed 28 April 2010).
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Published
Jun 1, 2015
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FRAMEWORK FOR THE SUSTAINABILITY OF HOUSING CO-OPERATIVES IN SOUTH AFRICA. (2015). Journal of Construction Project Management and Innovation, 5(1), 1100-1114. https://doi.org/10.36615/jcpmi.v5i1.81
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How to Cite
FRAMEWORK FOR THE SUSTAINABILITY OF HOUSING CO-OPERATIVES IN SOUTH AFRICA. (2015). Journal of Construction Project Management and Innovation, 5(1), 1100-1114. https://doi.org/10.36615/jcpmi.v5i1.81