Sociocybernetics and autopoiesis: New laws of organisational form?
New laws of organisational form?

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
- Articles
- Submited: October 15, 2022
-
Published: October 17, 2022
Abstract
Contemporary debates in social disciplines are making increasing reference to theoretical
concepts such as sociocybernetics and autopoiesis (Bailey, 1983, 1997, 2001; Bopry, 2007,
Brier, 2005; Geyer, 1994, 1995, 2003; Glanville, 2004; Goldspink, 2001; Hernes & Bakken, 2003;
Krippendorff, 1996; Letiche, 2007; Luhmann, 1996; Mingers, 2002b; Morgan, 1998; Scott, 1996,
2001b, 2003; Smith & Higgins, 2003; Umpleby, 2005; Van der Zouwen, 1997; Von Foerster, 2003;
Von Glasersfeld, 1996). It becomes apparent from these debates that certain paradigm shifts are
imminent not so much as a result of new knowledge, but rather as a result of new metaphors that
present alternative perspectives for interdisciplinary corroboration.
Thus far, debates on revisiting cybernetic concepts have largely been conducted in other social
sciences disciplines such as sociology, politics and semiology, this despite the challenges a cocreational perspective poses for communication in general and for organisational communication
specifically. This paper aims to raise the debate amongst communication scholars, especially
since communication scholars are conspicuously absent in the social-scientific debates within
other disciplines, and we are in danger of failing to challenge our own intellectual assumptions.
As such, this paper discusses and explores the appropriateness and applicability of cybernetics
and autopoiesis as contemporary theoretical approaches to the study of organisations as
communicatively enacted entities. It attempts to identify some of the intellectual challenges posed
by extending the boundaries of our conversations beyond our recognised metaphors and concepts.
The purpose of this paper is to initiate dialogue among communication scholars that may resonate
with the constructivist epistemology, and which constitutes both cybernetics and postmodernism.
We argue that cybernetics in its entirety poses a challenge for the study of organisations from a
communication perspective. We argue, as Geyer (1995) has done, that it may be an intellectually
challenging exercise to reposition the current modern and postmodern organisational metaphors
within a single new emerging metaphor: the schismatic metaphor.
Article Metrics Graph
References
- Aguado, J.M. (2009). Self-observation, self-reference and operational coupling in social systems: steps towards a coherent epistemology of mass media. Empedocles European Journal forthe Philosophy of Communication 1, (1), 59-74. https://doi.org/10.1386/ejpc.1.1.59/1
- Ashby, R. (1956). An introduction to cybernetics. London: Chapman & Hall.https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5851
- Bailey, K.D. (1983). Social entropy theory: toward a statistical and verbal congruence. Quality and Quantity, 18, 113-133.
- https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00221453
- -. (1997). System entropy analysis. Kybernetes, 26, (6/7), 674-688. https://doi.org/10.1108/03684929710169852
- -. (2001). Towards unifying science: applying concepts across disciplinary boundaries.
- Systems research and behavioral science. Systems Research, 18, 41-62.
- -. (2007). Insider coding: congruence in the theories of Luhmann and Miller. Journal of Sociocybernetics, 5, (1/2), 23-33. Retrieved June 23, 2010, from http//www.unizar.es/sociocybernetics/ Blackler, F. & McDonald, S. (2000). Power, mastery and organizational learning. Journal of Management Studies, 37, (6), 833-851.
- Boje, D.M. (2000). Phenomenal complexity theory and change at Disney. Management, 13, (6), 558-566. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810010359598
- Boje, D. & Arkoubi, K.A. (2005). Third cybernetic revolution: beyond open to dialogic system theories. Tamara Journal, 4, (4.2), 138-150.
- Bopry, J. (2007). The give and take between semiotics and second-order cybernetics. Semiotica, 164, (1/4), 31-51.
- https://doi.org/10.1515/SEM.2007.018
- Botan, C.H. & Taylor, M. (2004). Public relations: state of the field. Journal of Communication,
- https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02649.x 54, (4), 645-661.
- Boulding, K. (1956). General systems theory - the skeleton of science. Management Science, 2, (3), 197-208.
- https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2.3.197
- Brier, S. (1996). From second-order cybernetics to cybersemiotics: a semiotic re-entry into the
- https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1735(199609)13:3<229::AID-SRES96>3.0.CO;2-B
- second-order cybernetics of Heinz Von Foerster. Systems Research, 13, (3), 229-244.
- -. (2005). The construction of information and communication: a cybersemiotic re-entry into Heinz Von Foerster's metaphysical construction of second-order cybernetics. Semiotica, 154, (1/4), 355-399.
- Brown, W.B. (1966). Systems, boundaries, and information flow. Academy of Management, 9, (4), 318-327.https://doi.org/10.2307/254950
- Capra, F. (2005). Complexity and life. Theory and Culture, 22, (5), 33-44.https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276405057046
- Carlston, D.E. (1994). Associated systems theory: a systematic approach to cognitive representations of persons. In R.S. Wyer (Ed.), Associated systems theory: a systematic approach to cognitive representations of persons, pp. 1-61. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Chia, R. (1995). From modern to postmodern organizational analysis. Organization Studies, 16, (4), 597-604. https://doi.org/10.1177/017084069501600406
- Christensen, L.T., Torp, S. & Firat, F. (2005). Integrated marketing communication andpostmodernity: an odd couple? Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 10, (2), 156-167.https://doi.org/10.1108/13563280510596961
- Clegg, S.R. (1994). Studying organisation: theory and method. London: Sage.
- Cohen, H.B. (1998). The performance of management paradox. Academy of Management Executive, 12, (3), 30-40.
- https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.1998.1109048
- Contu, A. & Willmott, H. (2003). Re-embedding situatedness: the importance of power relations in learning theory. Organizational Science, 14, (3), 283-296.https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.14.3.283.15167
- Cooper, R. & Burrell, G. (1988). Modernism, postmodernism and organizational analysis: an introduction. Organization Studies, 9, (1), 91-112.
- https://doi.org/10.1177/017084068800900112
- Craig R.T. (1999). Communication theory as a field. Communication Theory, 9, (2), 119-161.
- https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.1999.tb00355.x
- Drucker, P. (1999). Beyond the information revolution. The Atlantic Monthly, October, 47-57.
- Edwards, M. (2005). The integral holon. A holonomic approach to organisational change and transformation. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 18, (3), 269-288.https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810510599425
- Fairclough, N. (2001). The dialectics of discourse. Textus, XIV, 231-242.
- Geyer, F. (1994). Norbet Wiener and the social sciences. Kybernetes, 23, (6/7), 46-61. https://doi.org/10.1108/03684929410068334
- -. (1995). The challenge of sociocybernetics. Kybernetes, 24, (4), 6-32. https://doi.org/10.1108/03684929510089321
- -. (2003). The march of self-reference. Kybernetes, 31, (7/8), 1021-1042. https://doi.org/10.1108/03684920210436318
- Gioia, D.A. & Pitre, E. (1990). Multiparadigm perspectives on theory building. Academy of Management Review, 15, (4), 564-608.
- https://doi.org/10.2307/258683
- Gioia, D.A. & Chittipeddi, K. (1991). Sensemaking and sensegiving in change initiation. Strategic Management Journal, 12, (6), 433-448.
- https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250120604
- Glanville, R. (2004). The purpose of second-order cybernetics. Kybernetes, 33, (9/10), 1379-1386. https://doi.org/10.1108/03684920410556016
- Goldspink, C. (2010). A review of sociocybernetics: complexity, autopoiesis, and observation of social systems by Geyer, F. & van der Zouwen, J. (Eds). 2001. Retrieved June 21, 2010, from http://jass.soc.surrey.ac.uk/6/1/reviews/goldspink.html
- Green, R.M. (1993). Business ethics as a postmodern phehomenon. Business Ethics Quarterly,https://doi.org/10.2307/38572503, 219-225.
- Hassard, J. (1994). Postmodern organisational analysis: toward a conceptual framework. Journal of Management Studies, 31, (3), 303-324.
- https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1994.tb00620.x
- -. (2002). Essai: organizational time: modern, symbolic and postmodern reflections. Organization Studies, 23, (6), 885-892.
- Hernes, T. & Bakken, T. (2003). Implications of self-reference: Niklas Luhmann's autopoiesios and organization theory. Organization Studies, 24, (9),1511-1535. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840603249007
- Huzzard, T. (2004). Communities of domination? Reconceptualising organisational learning and power. Journal of Workplace Learning, 16, (6), 350-361. https://doi.org/10.1108/13665620410550321
- Karp, T. & Helgø, T. (2008). The future of leadership: the art of leading people in a "postmanagerial" environment. Foresight, 10, (2), 30-37.
- https://doi.org/10.1108/14636680810869662
- Kelly, K. (1998). New rules of the new economy: 10 radical strategies for a connected world. NY: William Morrow and Co.
- Krippendorff, K. (1996). A second-order cybernetics of otherness. Systems Research, 13, (3), 311-328.
- https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1735(199609)13:3<311::AID-SRES106>3.0.CO;2-O
- Kumar D.M. (2004). The paradigm shift: Culture of chance to culture of choice. Retrieved September 8, 2009, from IndianMBA.com.
- Letiche, H. (2007). Parasites and self-organization or is self-organization Researchable? Tamara Journal, 6, (6.2), 187-202.
- Luhmann, N. (1986). The autopoiesis of social systems. In R.F. Geyer & J. van der Zouwen (Eds).
- Sociocybernetic paradoxes: observation, control and evolution of self-steering systems, pp. 172-192. London: Sage.
- -. (1995). Social systems. California: Stanford University Press.
- -. (1996). Membership and motives in social systems. Systems Research, 13, 341-348.
- https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1735(199609)13:3<341::AID-SRES92>3.0.CO;2-5
- Lynch, D. & Kordis, P. (1988). Strategy of the dolphin: scoring a win in a chaotic world. NY: William Morrow.
- Marion, R. & Bacon, J. (2000). Organizational extinction and complex systems. Emergence, 1, (4), 71-96. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327000em0104_5
- Mayer, J.D. (2001). Primary divisions of personality and their scientific contributions: from the trilogy-of-mind to the systems set. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 31, (4), 449-477. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00169
- Maturana, H.R & Varela, F.J. (1980). Autopoiesis and cognition. The realization of the living. Dordrecht: Reidel Publishing Company.
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-8947-4
- McCulloch, W.S. (1965). Embodiments of mind. Cambridge Mass: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
- McKenna, B. (2005). Wisdom, ethics and the postmodern organisation. In D. Rooney, G. Hearn & A. Ninan (Eds). Handbook on the knowledge economy, pp. 37-53. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
- McSweeney, B. (2006). Are we living in a post-bureaucratic epoch? Journal of Organisational Change Management, 19, (1), 22-37.
- https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810610643668
- Mingers, J. (1997). Systems typologies in the light of autopoiesis: a reconceptualization of
- https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1743(199709/10)14:5<303::AID-SRES161>3.0.CO;2-A
- Boulding's hierarchy, and a typology of self-referential systems. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 14, 303-313.
- -. (2002a). Systems typologies in the light of autopoiesis: a reconceptualization of Boulding's hierarchy, and a typology of self-referential systems. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 14, 303-313.
- https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1743(199709/10)14:5<303::AID-SRES161>3.0.CO;2-A
- -. (2002b). Can social systems be autopoietic? Bhaskar's and Giddens' social theories. Journalfor the Theory of Social Behaviour, 34, (4), 403-407.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.2004.00256.x
- Morgan, G. (1981). The schismatic metaphor and its implications for organizational analysis. Organization Studies, 2, (1), 23-44.
- https://doi.org/10.1177/017084068100200103
- -. (1998). Images of organization. (Executive ed.). California: Sage Publications Inc.
- Nonaka, I. & Toyama, R. (2007). Strategic management as distributed practical wisdom. Industrial
- https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtm014 and Corporate Change, 16, (3), 371-394.
- Nowotny, H. (2005). The increase of complexity and its reduction: emergent interfaces between https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276405057189
- natural sciences, humanities and social sciences. Theory, Culture & Society, 22, (5),15-31.
- Nÿstrom, H. (2000). The postmodern challenge - from economic to creative management. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8691.00163
- Creativity and Innovation Management, 9, (2), 109-114.
- Power, M. (1990). Modernism, postmodernism, and organization. In J. Hassard & D. Pym. (Eds).
- The theory and philosophy of organization. London: Routledge.
- Powers, W.T. (1973). Perceptual control theory. Chicago: Aldine.
- Ramsey, C. (2003). Planning and playing: a little narrative on modern and postmodern management. Journal of Management, 22, (6), 552-555.
- https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710310478512
- Rooney, D. & McKenna, B. (2005). Should the knowledge-based economy be a savant or a sage?
- Wisdom and socially intelligent innovation. Prometheus, 23, (3), 307-323.
- Rowley, J. & Gibbs, P. (2008). From learning organisation to practically wise organisation. Learning Organisation, 15, (5), 356-372.
- https://doi.org/10.1108/09696470810898357
- Schultz, P.D. (1996). The morally accountable organization: a postmodern approach to organizational responsibility. Journal of Business Communication, 33, (2), 165-183. https://doi.org/10.1177/002194369603300205
- Scott, B. (1996). Second-order cybernetics a cognitive methodology. Systems Research, 13, (3), 393-406.
- https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1735(199609)13:3<393::AID-SRES102>3.0.CO;2-A
- -. (2001a). Cybernetics and social sciences. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 18, 411-420. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.445
- -. (2001b). Gordon Pask's conversation theory: a domain independent constructivist model of human knowing. Foundations of Science, 6, 343-360.
- -. (2003). Second-order cybernetics: an historical introduction. Kybernetes, 33, (9/10), 1365- 1378. https://doi.org/10.1108/03684920410556007
- Smith, W. & Higgins, M. (2003). Postmodernism and popularisation: the cultural life of chaostheory. Culture and Organization, 9, (2), 93-104.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/14759550302803
- Stacey, R.D. (1995). The science of complexity: an alternative perspective for strategic change processes. Strategic Management Journal, 16, (6), 477-495.
- https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250160606
- Umpleby, S.A. (1994). The cybernetics of conceptual systems. Retrieved July 15, 2010, from http://www.gwu.edu/~umpleby/Conceptual_Systems.txt
- -. (2005). What I learned from Heinz von Foerster about the construction of science. Kybernetes, 34, (1/2), 278-294.
- https://doi.org/10.1108/03684920510575843
- Urry, J. (2005). The complexity turn. Theory, Culture & Society, 22, (5), 1-14.
- https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276405057188
- Van der Zouwen, J. (1997). The validation of sociocybernetic models. Kybernetes, 26, (6/7), 848-856. https://doi.org/10.1108/03684929710170058
- Varela, F.G., Maturana, H.R. & Uribe, R. (1974). Autopoiesis: the organization of living systems, its characterization and a model. BioSystems, 5, 187-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/0303-2647(74)90031-8
- Von Foerster, H. (2003). Understanding understanding. Essays on cybernetics and cognition. New York: Springer.
- https://doi.org/10.1007/b97451
- Von Glasersfeld, E. (1996). Farewell to objectivity. Systems Research, 13, (3), 279-286.
- https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1735(199609)13:3<279::AID-SRES91>3.0.CO;2-L
- Wiener, N. (1948). Cybernetics or control and communication in the animal and the machine.
- USA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
- -. (1950). The human use of human beings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin




