Copyright (c) 2022 Allen Munoriyarwa, Albert Chibuwe

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
- Articles
- Submited: August 5, 2022
-
Published: August 5, 2022
Abstract
Drawing on a media-centric framing theory, and utilising qualitative framing analysis, we examine how selected mainstream newspapers in South Africa framed Sino- South Africa relationships. We observe the ubiquity of negative anti-Chinese frames in the South African mainstream media. We demonstrate that these largely negative frames on China clustered around key issues: its economic relationship with South Africa; human rights issues; and China’s political ties with African regimes. We argue that the negative frames were a result of newspapers’ sourcing routines. Furthermore, we argue that anti-Chinese frames in the South African media sync neatly with a growing negative public perception of China, sustained by global media especially in the West and the US.
Article Metrics Graph
References
- Altheide, D. L. (1997). The news media, the problem frame, and the production of fear. The Sociological Quarterly, 38(4): 647-668. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1997.tb00758.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1997.tb00758.x
- Baker, P., & Rudoren, J. (2015). Talk Toughens as US-Israel Relations Fray. The New York Times, February 25. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/26/world/middleeast/talk-toughens-as-us-israel-relations-fray.html?_r=0
- Basit, T. (2003). Manual or electronic? The role of coding in qualitative data analysis. Educational Research, 45(2): 143-154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0013188032000133548
- Benford, R. D., & Snow, D. A. (2000). Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment. Annual Review of Sociology, 26(1):611-639. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611
- Burton, J.W. (2003). Conflict & communication: the use of controlled communication in international relations. New York: Harper.
- Chang, Y. (2008). Framing China: how US media reported eight US state visits by top Chinese leaders. Masters Dissertation: University of Iowa. https://doi.org/10.31274/rtd-180813-16646. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31274/rtd-180813-16646
- Centre for Strategic and International Studies (2020). Making America Great? Global Perceptions of China, Russia, and the United States: The International Scorecard. https://www.csis.org/analysis/making-america-great-global-perceptions-china-russia-and-united-states-international.
- Centre for Global Development. (2020). Global opinion turns against China. https://www.heroza.org/funders/center-for-global-development/
- Dayan, D., & Katz, E. (1992). Media events. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674030305
- Entman, R. M.(1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
- Franks, S., & Ribet, K. (2009). China—Africa media relations. Global Media and Communication, 5(1): 129-136. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1742766508101318. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1742766508101318
- Gamson, W. A. (1989). News as framing: Comments on Graber. American behavioral scientist, 33(2): 157-161. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002764289033002006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764289033002006
- Gamson, W. A., & Wolfsfeld, G. (1993). Movements and media as interacting systems. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 528(1): 114-125. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716293528001009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716293528001009
- Gamson, W., Modigliani, A., & Braungart, R. (1987). The political culture of affirmative action. Research in Political Sociology.
- Gilboa, E. (2001). Diplomacy in the media age: Three models of uses and effects. Diplomacy and statecraft, 12(2): 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592290108406201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09592290108406201
- Gitlin, T. (2003). The whole world is watching Mass media in the making and unmaking of the new left. California: University of California Press.
- Goldsmith, B. E., & Horiuchi, Y. (2009). Spinning the globe? US public diplomacy and foreign public opinion. The Journal of Politics, 71(3): 863-875. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381609090768. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381609090768
- Grill, B. (2019). The Voice of Beijing: China’s Expanding Media Dominance in Africa. https://snapzupolitics.wordpress.com/2019/06/17/the-voice-of-beijing-chinas-expanding-media-dominance-in-africa/.
- Hermann, T. (1993). Grassroots activism as a factor in foreign policy-making. In Kim, J (199). The Limits of State Autonomy: Societal Groups and Foreign Policy Formulation (127-47). LondonL: Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Hulme, S. J. (2001). The modern media: the impact on foreign policy. Army Command and General Staff Coll Fort Leavenworth Ks.
- Iyengar, S. (1994). Is anyone responsible?: How television frames political issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Kastner, S. L., & Saunders, P. C. (2012). Is China a status quo or revisionist state? Leadership travel as an empirical indicator of foreign policy priorities. International Studies Quarterly, 56(1): 163-177. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00697.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00697.x
- Lee, P.S. (2016). The rise of China and its contest for discursive power. Global Media and China, 1(1-2): 102-120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2059436416650549
- Kodila-Tedika, O., & Khalifa, S. (2020). Leaders’ Foreign Travel and Democracy. http://uaofb.com/98626/.
- Lipner, S. (2015). Divergence Grows in the America-Israel Relationship Could Trump reverse it?. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2016/12/20/growing-divergence-in-the-u-s-israelrelationship.
- MacFarquhar, N. (2019). Xi Jinping’s Visit to Russia Accents Ties in Face of Tensions with U.S. https://cn.nytimes.com/world/20190606/xi-jinping-china-russia/en-us/.
- Madrid-Morales, D. (2016). Why are Chinese media in Africa? Evidence from three decades of Xinhua’s news coverage of Africa. In China’s media and soft power in Africa ( 79-92). Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137539670_6
- Miller, C. A. (2000). The dynamics of framing environmental values and policy: four models of societal processes. Environmental values, 9(2): 211-233. https://doi.org/10.3197/096327100129342047. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3197/096327100129342047
- Mlambo, V. (2019). Exploitation dressed in a suit, shining shoes, and carrying a suitcase full of dollars: What does China want in Africa?. Journal of Public Affairs, 19(1): e1892. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.1892. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.1892
- Munoriyarwa, A. (2020). So, who is responsible? A framing analysis of newspaper coverage of electoral violence in Zimbabwe. Journal of African Media Studies, 12(1): 61-74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1386/jams_00011_1
- Nassanga, G. L., & Makara, S. (2016). Perceptions of Chinese presence in Africa as reflected in the African media: case study of Uganda. Chinese Journal of Communication, 9(1): 21-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2015.1078386. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2015.1078386
- Okonta, I., & Douglas, O. (2003). Where vultures feast: Shell, human rights, and oil in the Niger Delta. London: Verso.
- Pan, Z., & Kosicki, G. M. (1993). Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse. Political communication, 10(1): 55-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.1993.9962963. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.1993.9962963
- Reese, S. D. (2001). Prologue. Framing public life. Framing public life. Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410605689
- Russell, A., Kunelius, R., Heikkilä, H., & Yagodin, D. (Eds.). (2017). Journalism and the NSA revelations: Privacy, security and the press. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350986954
- Silver, L., Devlin, K. and Huang, C. (2020). Unfavorable views of China reach historic highs in many countries. Pew Research Center, 6. Accessed: https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/10/06/unfavorable-views-of-china-reach-historic-highs-in-many-countries/
- Sreberny, A. (2002). Collectivity and connectivity: Diaspora and mediated identities. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31(3):443-459. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830500058828
- Tankard, J. W. (2001). An empirical approach to the study of media framing. In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy, & A. E. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life: Perspectives of media and our understanding of the social world, (95–106. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Taylor, I. (2007). China and Africa: engagement and compromise (Vol. 10). London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203968635
- Tuchman, G. (1978). Making news: A study in the construction of reality. The Free Press.
- Uchehara, K. E. (2009). China-Africa relations in the 21st century: Engagement, compromise and controversy. Uluslararası İlişkiler/International Relations, 95-111. DOI: 10.2307/43926454.
- Umejei, E. (2018). Chinese media in Africa: Between promise and reality. African Journalism Studies, 39(2): 104-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2018.1473275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2018.1473275
- Van Dijk, M. P. (2009). The new presence of China in Africa (p. 224). Amsterdam University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5117/9789089641366
- Wasserman, H.(2012). China in South Africa: Media responses to a developing relationship. Chinese Journal of Communication, 5(3): 336-354. https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2012.701428. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2012.701428
- Wasserman, H. (2018). Media, geopolitics, and power: A view from the global south. University of Illinois Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5406/j.ctt21c4tj6
- Wasserman, H. (Ed.). (2016). Reporting China in Africa: media discourses on shifting geopolitics. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315742304
- Wasserman, H., & Madrid-Morales, D. (2018). How influential are Chinese media in Africa? An audience analysis in Kenya and South Africa. International Journal of Communication, 12, (20). https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/7809.
- Wekesa, B. (2017). New directions in the study of Africa–China media and communications engagements. Journal of African Cultural Studies, 29(1): 11-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2016.1270197
- Wien, C. and Elmelund-Præstekær, C. (2009). An anatomy of media hypes: Developing a model for the dynamics and structure of intense media coverage of single issues. European Journal of Communication, 24(2): 183-201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323108101831
- Wu, Yu-Shan. (2016). China’s media and public diplomacy approach in Africa: illustrations from South Africa, Chinese Journal of Communication, 9:1: 81-97. DOI: 10.1080/17544750.2016.1139606 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2016.1139606




