Moral Economy in the Nazareth Baptist Church, South Africa
Main Article Content
Keywords
African Indigenous Churches, ethnicity, morality, Shembe, un-rest, Zulu
Abstract
Isaiah Shembe founded the Nazareth Baptist Church (NBC) in 1910, and this new institution distinguished itself from mission Christianity not least through the markedly different moral economy. With the church headquarters at the outskirts of Durban (South Africa), the church catered to black Afri-cans, dispossessed of their land and forced into the capitalist labor system. To them, Shembe preached a Protestant work ethic, while at the same time condemning involvement in city life and striving to acquire land and attain economic autonomy for his congregations. With female adherents running away from fathers and husbands, he started out as a ‘thief of women’, but soon gave religious support to the patriarchal authorities of chiefs, who granted the church land in native reserves in turn. Prohibiting members from joining labour unions, the church connected cities and mines with rural homelands and contributed to the stabilization of the migrant labor system. In addition, Shembe preached moral ethnicity, and hence partook in the creation of Zulu nationalism.
The ambiguous moral economy of the NBC persisted during apartheid capitalism and post-apartheid neoliberalism. My essay focuses on preaching and the heterotopic character of the large gatherings of the NBC, and I will also connect church morals with the wider Zulu traditionalist mi-lieu and, given the preoccupation of classic moral economy with riots and revolutions, conclude with some observations on the 2021 unrests in South Africa.
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References
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Cabrita, J. 2012. Patriot and prophet: John Dube’s 1936 biography of the South African churchman Isaiah Shembe. Journal of Southern African Studies 38, 3: 433-450. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2012. 702073
Cabrita, J. 2014. Text and authority in the South African Nazaretha Church. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/ CBO9781107294318
Cope, N. 1990. The Zulu petit bourgeoisie and Zulu nationalism in the 1920s: Origins of Inkatha. Journal of Southern African Studies 16, 3: 431-451. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03057079008708245
Dube, J.L. 1936. UShembe. Yengwa, M. (trans.). Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter.
Echtler, M. 2016. Shembe is the way: The Nazareth Baptist Church in the religious field and in academic discourse. In Echtler, M. & A. Ukah (eds.): Bourdieu in Africa: Exploring the dynamics of religious fields. Leiden: Brill. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004307568
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Echtler, M. 2020b. Redeeming Zululand: Placing cultural resonances in the Nazareth Baptist Church, South Africa. In Clart, P. & A. Jones (eds.): Transnational religious spaces: Religious interactions in Africa, East Asia, and beyond. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Echtler, M. 2020c. Power in the house: Performing succession in the Nazareth Baptist Church (South Africa). Paideuma 66: 49-74.
Edelman, M. 2012. E.P. Thompson and moral economies. In Fassin, D. (ed.): A companion to moral anthropology. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118290620.ch3
Eveleth, A. 1995. The politics of choosing a messiah’s heir. Mail & Guardian. Available at: http://mg.co.za/article/1995-10-13-the-politics-of-choosing-a-messiahs-heir. (Accessed on September 15, 2022.)
Fassin, D. 2009. Moral economies revisited. Annales. Histoire, Sciences So-ciales 64, 6: 1237-1266. URL: https://www.cairn.info/revue-annales-2009-6-page-1237.htm.
Fassin, D. 2012. Introduction: Towards a critical moral anthropology. In Fas-sin, D. (ed.): A companion to moral anthropology. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118290620
Gcwensa 2011. Sermon, eBuhleni. April 9, 2011. DVD recording. Transcribed and translated by Sicelo Mpungose.
Gcwensa 2017. Sermon, iKhenana. January 14, 2017. DVD recording. Transcribed and translated by Brilliant Mdedu.
Gunner, L. & M. Gwala (eds. trans.) 1991. Musho! Zulu popular praises. East Lansing: Michigan University Press.
Guy, J. 1987. Analysing pre-capitalist societies in Southern Africa. Journal of Southern African Studies 14, 1: 18-37. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/ 03057078708708158
Guy, J. 2013. Theophilus Shepstone and the forging of Natal: African autonomy and settler colonialism in the making of traditional authority. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
Hamilton, C. 1998. Terrific majesty: The powers of Shaka Zulu and the limits of historical invention. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674038202
Heuser, A. 2003. Shembe, Ghandi und die Soldaten Gottes: Wurzeln der Gewaltfreiheit in Südafrika. Münster: Waxmann.
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Hexham, I. & G.C. Oosthuizen (eds.) 2001. The continuing story of the sun and the moon: Sacred history and traditions of the Amanazaretha 3. Becken, H.-J. (trans.). Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press.
Hickel, J. 2015. Democracy as death: The moral order of anti-liberal politics in South Africa. Oakland: University of California Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520284227.001.0001
Hunter, M. 2014. Beneath the ‘Zunami’: Jacob Zuma and the gendered politics of social reproduction in South Africa. In Healy-Clancy, M. & J. Hickel (eds.): Ekhaya: The politics of home in KwaZulu-Natal. Pieter-maritzburg: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
Keane, W. 2021. Religion and moral economy. In Oxford research encyclopedias: Anthropology. 24 pages. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/acre-fore/9780190854584.013.360
Krige, E.J. 1950. The social system of the Zulus. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter.
La Hausse de Lalouvière, P. 2000. Restless identities: Signatures of national-ism, Zulu ethnicity and history in the lives of Petros Lamula (c. 1881-1948) and Lymon Maling (1889-c. 1936). Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
Lambek, M. 2012. Religion and morality. In Fassin, D. (ed.): A companion to moral anthropology. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. doi: https://doi.org/10. 1002/9781118290620.ch19
Lonsdale, J. 1992. The moral economy of Mau Mau: Wealth, power, poverty & civic virtue in Kikuyu political thought. In Berman, B. & J. Lons-dale (eds.): Unhappy valley: Conflict in Kenya and Africa. London: James Currey.
Lonsdale, J. 1994. Moral ethnicity and political tribalism. In Kaarsholm, P. & J. Hultin (eds.): Inventions and boundaries: Historical and anthropological approaches to the study of ethnicity and nationalism. Roskilde: Roskilde University Press.
Mahoney, M.R. 2012. The other Zulus: The spread of Zulu ethnicity in colo-nial South Africa. Durham: Duke University Press. doi: https:// doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11sn3n8
Maré, G. & G. Hamilton 1987. An appetite for power: Buthelezi’s Inkatha and South Africa. Braamfontein: Ravan Press.
Marks, S. 1985. Southern and central Africa, 1866-1910. In Oliver, R. & G.N. Sanderson (eds.): The Cambridge history of Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/ CHOL9780521228039.011
Marks, S. 1986. The ambiguities of dependence in South Africa: Class, nationalism, and the state in twentieth-century Natal. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Marx, K. 1844. A contribution to the critique of Hegel’s philosophy of right: Introduction. Available at: https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/ works/1843/critique-hpr/intro.htm. (Accessed on June 23, 2022.)
Marx, K. 1852. The eighteenth brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. Available at: https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/18th-Brumaire.pdf. (Accessed on June 23, 2022.)
Meillassoux, C. 1981. Maidens, meal and money: Capitalism and the domes-tic community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mkhwanazi. 2011. Sermon, eBuhleni. April 9, 2011. DVD recording. Transcribed and translated by Sicelo Mpungose.
Muller, C. (ed.) 2010. Shembe hymns. Mthethwa, B. (trans.). Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
Ngwane, T. 2021. Mall attacks and the everyday crisis of the working class in South Africa. Global Labour Journal 12, 3: 312-324. doi: https://doi. org/10.15173/glj.v12i3.4935
Olivier de Sardan, J.P. 1999. A moral economy of corruption in Africa? Journal of Modern African Studies 37, 1: 25-52. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1017/S0022278X99002992
Oosthuizen, G.C. 1981. Succession conflict within the Church of the Naza-rites: iBandla zamaNazaretha. Durban: Institute for Social and Eco-nomic Research.
Palomera, J. & T. Vetta 2016. Moral economy: Rethinking a radical concept. Anthropological Theory 16, 4: 413-432. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1463499616678097
Papini, R. 1999. Carl Faye’s transcript of Isaiah Shembe’s testimony of his early life and calling. Journal of Religion in Africa 29, 3: 243-284. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/157006699X00340
Papini, R. & I. Hexham (eds.) 2002. The catechism of the Nazarites and related writings: Sacred history and traditions of the Amanazaretha 4. Becken, H.-J. & P. Zungu (trans.). Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press.
Policylab 2021. Unrest tracker. Available at: https://appengine.policylab. app/UnrestTracker/. (Accessed on September 29, 2022.)
Ramaphosa, C. 2022. Opening statement. The Presidency. April 1, 2022. Available at: https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/speeches/opening-statement-president-cyril-ramaphosa-south-african-human-rights-commission-investigative-hearing-july-2021-unrest. (Accessed on September 30, 2022.)
Republic of South Africa. 2021. King Misuzulu Ka Zwelithini: Condemns unrest in parts of South Africa: Call to the Zulu nation in troubling times by his majesty King Misuzulu Ka Zwelithini – King of the Zulu nation. July 15, 2021. Available at: https://www.gov.za/speeches/king-misuzulu-ka-zwelithini-addresses-zulu-nation-during-unrest-parts-south-africa-15-jul. (Accessed on September 30, 2022.)
Roberts, E. 1936. Shembe: The man and his work. MA thesis, African Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria.
Sithole, N. 2016. Isaiah Shembe’s hymns and the sacred dance in Ibandla LamaNazaretha. Leiden: Brill. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/97890043 20628
Spivak, G.C. 1993. Can the subaltern speak? In Williams, P. & L. Chrisman (eds.): Colonial discourse and post-colonial theory. New York: Columbia University Press.
Sundkler, B. 1961. Bantu prophets in South Africa. London: Oxford Univer-sity Press.
Taussig, M. 1977. The genesis of capitalism amongst a South American peasantry: Devil’s labor and the baptism of money. Comparative Studies in Society and History 19, 2: 130-155. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1017/S0010417500008586
Thompson, E.P. 1971. The moral economy of the English crowd in the eighteenth century. Past & Present 50, 1: 76-136. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1093/past/50.1.76
Thompson, E.P. 1991a. The making of the English working class. London: Penguin Books.
Thompson, E.P. 1991b. The moral economy reviewed. In Thompson, E.P. (ed.): Customs in common: Studies in traditional popular culture. New York: New York Press.
Vail, L. 1989. Introduction: Ethnicity in Southern African history. In Vail, L. (ed.): The creation of tribalism in Southern Africa. London: James Currey.
Weber, M. 1978. Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology. Roth, G. & C. Wittich (eds.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
White, H. 2011. Beastly whiteness: Animal kinds and the social imagination in South Africa. Anthropology Southern Africa 34, 3&4: 104-113. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/23323256.2011.11500014
Wright, J. 2008. Reflections on the politics of being ‘Zulu’. In Carton, B., J. Laband, & J. Sithole (eds.): Zulu identities: Being Zulu, past and present. Scottsville: University of Kwa-Zulu-Natal Press.
Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu. 2017. Speech at Sabbath service, iKhenana. January 14, 2017. DVD recording. Transcribed and translated by Brilliant Mdedu.
Berea Mail. 2021. Shembe church march goes viral on social media: Congregants gathered in their thousands to oppose an ongoing court battle. Berea Mail. September 29, 2021. Available at: https://bereamail. co.za/271999/watch-church-shares-videos-of-massive-durban-march/. (Accessed on September 30, 2022.)
Bourdieu, P. 1991. Genesis and structure of the religious field. Comparative Social Research 13: 1-44.
Buthelezi, G. 2011. Speech at Vimbeni Shembe’s funeral, eBuhleni. April 3, 2011. DVD recording. Transcribed and translated by Sicelo Mpungose.
Cabrita, J. 2009. Isaiah Shembe’s theological nationalism, 1920s-1935. Journal of Southern African Studies 35, 3: 609-625. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1080/03057070903101847
Cabrita, J. 2012. Patriot and prophet: John Dube’s 1936 biography of the South African churchman Isaiah Shembe. Journal of Southern African Studies 38, 3: 433-450. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2012. 702073
Cabrita, J. 2014. Text and authority in the South African Nazaretha Church. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/ CBO9781107294318
Cope, N. 1990. The Zulu petit bourgeoisie and Zulu nationalism in the 1920s: Origins of Inkatha. Journal of Southern African Studies 16, 3: 431-451. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03057079008708245
Dube, J.L. 1936. UShembe. Yengwa, M. (trans.). Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter.
Echtler, M. 2016. Shembe is the way: The Nazareth Baptist Church in the religious field and in academic discourse. In Echtler, M. & A. Ukah (eds.): Bourdieu in Africa: Exploring the dynamics of religious fields. Leiden: Brill. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004307568
Echtler, M. 2020a. Shembe, the black Messiah: A postcolonial intervention. In Konz, B., B. Ortmann, & C. Wetz (eds.): Postcolonialism, theology and the construction of the other: Exploring borderlands. Leiden: Brill.
Echtler, M. 2020b. Redeeming Zululand: Placing cultural resonances in the Nazareth Baptist Church, South Africa. In Clart, P. & A. Jones (eds.): Transnational religious spaces: Religious interactions in Africa, East Asia, and beyond. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Echtler, M. 2020c. Power in the house: Performing succession in the Nazareth Baptist Church (South Africa). Paideuma 66: 49-74.
Edelman, M. 2012. E.P. Thompson and moral economies. In Fassin, D. (ed.): A companion to moral anthropology. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118290620.ch3
Eveleth, A. 1995. The politics of choosing a messiah’s heir. Mail & Guardian. Available at: http://mg.co.za/article/1995-10-13-the-politics-of-choosing-a-messiahs-heir. (Accessed on September 15, 2022.)
Fassin, D. 2009. Moral economies revisited. Annales. Histoire, Sciences So-ciales 64, 6: 1237-1266. URL: https://www.cairn.info/revue-annales-2009-6-page-1237.htm.
Fassin, D. 2012. Introduction: Towards a critical moral anthropology. In Fas-sin, D. (ed.): A companion to moral anthropology. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118290620
Gcwensa 2011. Sermon, eBuhleni. April 9, 2011. DVD recording. Transcribed and translated by Sicelo Mpungose.
Gcwensa 2017. Sermon, iKhenana. January 14, 2017. DVD recording. Transcribed and translated by Brilliant Mdedu.
Gunner, L. & M. Gwala (eds. trans.) 1991. Musho! Zulu popular praises. East Lansing: Michigan University Press.
Guy, J. 1987. Analysing pre-capitalist societies in Southern Africa. Journal of Southern African Studies 14, 1: 18-37. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/ 03057078708708158
Guy, J. 2013. Theophilus Shepstone and the forging of Natal: African autonomy and settler colonialism in the making of traditional authority. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
Hamilton, C. 1998. Terrific majesty: The powers of Shaka Zulu and the limits of historical invention. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674038202
Heuser, A. 2003. Shembe, Ghandi und die Soldaten Gottes: Wurzeln der Gewaltfreiheit in Südafrika. Münster: Waxmann.
Hexham, I. & G.C. Oosthuizen (eds.) 1996. The story of Isaiah Shembe: History and traditions centered on Ekuphakameni and Mount Nhlangakazi (sacred history and traditions of the Amanazaretha). Becken, H.-J. (trans.). Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press.
Hexham, I. & G.C. Oosthuizen (eds.) 2001. The continuing story of the sun and the moon: Sacred history and traditions of the Amanazaretha 3. Becken, H.-J. (trans.). Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press.
Hickel, J. 2015. Democracy as death: The moral order of anti-liberal politics in South Africa. Oakland: University of California Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520284227.001.0001
Hunter, M. 2014. Beneath the ‘Zunami’: Jacob Zuma and the gendered politics of social reproduction in South Africa. In Healy-Clancy, M. & J. Hickel (eds.): Ekhaya: The politics of home in KwaZulu-Natal. Pieter-maritzburg: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
Keane, W. 2021. Religion and moral economy. In Oxford research encyclopedias: Anthropology. 24 pages. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/acre-fore/9780190854584.013.360
Krige, E.J. 1950. The social system of the Zulus. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter.
La Hausse de Lalouvière, P. 2000. Restless identities: Signatures of national-ism, Zulu ethnicity and history in the lives of Petros Lamula (c. 1881-1948) and Lymon Maling (1889-c. 1936). Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
Lambek, M. 2012. Religion and morality. In Fassin, D. (ed.): A companion to moral anthropology. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. doi: https://doi.org/10. 1002/9781118290620.ch19
Lonsdale, J. 1992. The moral economy of Mau Mau: Wealth, power, poverty & civic virtue in Kikuyu political thought. In Berman, B. & J. Lons-dale (eds.): Unhappy valley: Conflict in Kenya and Africa. London: James Currey.
Lonsdale, J. 1994. Moral ethnicity and political tribalism. In Kaarsholm, P. & J. Hultin (eds.): Inventions and boundaries: Historical and anthropological approaches to the study of ethnicity and nationalism. Roskilde: Roskilde University Press.
Mahoney, M.R. 2012. The other Zulus: The spread of Zulu ethnicity in colo-nial South Africa. Durham: Duke University Press. doi: https:// doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11sn3n8
Maré, G. & G. Hamilton 1987. An appetite for power: Buthelezi’s Inkatha and South Africa. Braamfontein: Ravan Press.
Marks, S. 1985. Southern and central Africa, 1866-1910. In Oliver, R. & G.N. Sanderson (eds.): The Cambridge history of Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/ CHOL9780521228039.011
Marks, S. 1986. The ambiguities of dependence in South Africa: Class, nationalism, and the state in twentieth-century Natal. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Marx, K. 1844. A contribution to the critique of Hegel’s philosophy of right: Introduction. Available at: https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/ works/1843/critique-hpr/intro.htm. (Accessed on June 23, 2022.)
Marx, K. 1852. The eighteenth brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. Available at: https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/18th-Brumaire.pdf. (Accessed on June 23, 2022.)
Meillassoux, C. 1981. Maidens, meal and money: Capitalism and the domes-tic community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mkhwanazi. 2011. Sermon, eBuhleni. April 9, 2011. DVD recording. Transcribed and translated by Sicelo Mpungose.
Muller, C. (ed.) 2010. Shembe hymns. Mthethwa, B. (trans.). Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
Ngwane, T. 2021. Mall attacks and the everyday crisis of the working class in South Africa. Global Labour Journal 12, 3: 312-324. doi: https://doi. org/10.15173/glj.v12i3.4935
Olivier de Sardan, J.P. 1999. A moral economy of corruption in Africa? Journal of Modern African Studies 37, 1: 25-52. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1017/S0022278X99002992
Oosthuizen, G.C. 1981. Succession conflict within the Church of the Naza-rites: iBandla zamaNazaretha. Durban: Institute for Social and Eco-nomic Research.
Palomera, J. & T. Vetta 2016. Moral economy: Rethinking a radical concept. Anthropological Theory 16, 4: 413-432. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1463499616678097
Papini, R. 1999. Carl Faye’s transcript of Isaiah Shembe’s testimony of his early life and calling. Journal of Religion in Africa 29, 3: 243-284. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/157006699X00340
Papini, R. & I. Hexham (eds.) 2002. The catechism of the Nazarites and related writings: Sacred history and traditions of the Amanazaretha 4. Becken, H.-J. & P. Zungu (trans.). Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press.
Policylab 2021. Unrest tracker. Available at: https://appengine.policylab. app/UnrestTracker/. (Accessed on September 29, 2022.)
Ramaphosa, C. 2022. Opening statement. The Presidency. April 1, 2022. Available at: https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/speeches/opening-statement-president-cyril-ramaphosa-south-african-human-rights-commission-investigative-hearing-july-2021-unrest. (Accessed on September 30, 2022.)
Republic of South Africa. 2021. King Misuzulu Ka Zwelithini: Condemns unrest in parts of South Africa: Call to the Zulu nation in troubling times by his majesty King Misuzulu Ka Zwelithini – King of the Zulu nation. July 15, 2021. Available at: https://www.gov.za/speeches/king-misuzulu-ka-zwelithini-addresses-zulu-nation-during-unrest-parts-south-africa-15-jul. (Accessed on September 30, 2022.)
Roberts, E. 1936. Shembe: The man and his work. MA thesis, African Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria.
Sithole, N. 2016. Isaiah Shembe’s hymns and the sacred dance in Ibandla LamaNazaretha. Leiden: Brill. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/97890043 20628
Spivak, G.C. 1993. Can the subaltern speak? In Williams, P. & L. Chrisman (eds.): Colonial discourse and post-colonial theory. New York: Columbia University Press.
Sundkler, B. 1961. Bantu prophets in South Africa. London: Oxford Univer-sity Press.
Taussig, M. 1977. The genesis of capitalism amongst a South American peasantry: Devil’s labor and the baptism of money. Comparative Studies in Society and History 19, 2: 130-155. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1017/S0010417500008586
Thompson, E.P. 1971. The moral economy of the English crowd in the eighteenth century. Past & Present 50, 1: 76-136. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1093/past/50.1.76
Thompson, E.P. 1991a. The making of the English working class. London: Penguin Books.
Thompson, E.P. 1991b. The moral economy reviewed. In Thompson, E.P. (ed.): Customs in common: Studies in traditional popular culture. New York: New York Press.
Vail, L. 1989. Introduction: Ethnicity in Southern African history. In Vail, L. (ed.): The creation of tribalism in Southern Africa. London: James Currey.
Weber, M. 1978. Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology. Roth, G. & C. Wittich (eds.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
White, H. 2011. Beastly whiteness: Animal kinds and the social imagination in South Africa. Anthropology Southern Africa 34, 3&4: 104-113. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/23323256.2011.11500014
Wright, J. 2008. Reflections on the politics of being ‘Zulu’. In Carton, B., J. Laband, & J. Sithole (eds.): Zulu identities: Being Zulu, past and present. Scottsville: University of Kwa-Zulu-Natal Press.
Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu. 2017. Speech at Sabbath service, iKhenana. January 14, 2017. DVD recording. Transcribed and translated by Brilliant Mdedu.
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Moral Economy in the Nazareth Baptist Church, South Africa. (2022). Journal for the Study of Religion , 35(2). https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3027/2022/v35n2a1
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How to Cite
Moral Economy in the Nazareth Baptist Church, South Africa. (2022). Journal for the Study of Religion , 35(2). https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3027/2022/v35n2a1