An Examination of Unethical Practices in the Construction Sector: The Case of Government Projects in the Wa Metropolis, Ghana
Main Article Content
Keywords
Ethics, unethical construction practices, construction industry, government projects, Ghana
Abstract
Although several studies have been conducted on unethical practices in the construction industry worldwide, little has been done in Ghana's Wa Metropolis, especially regarding government contracts. As a result, it is necessary to look into how unethical actions affect government construction projects in Wa Metropolis. The study used a mixed-methods approach. The survey included 212 respondents, while the interviews were conducted with 16 participants. Data were gathered using questionnaires and interviewing guides and then analysed using thematic analysis, factor analysis, Spearman's rank correlation, and descriptive statistics. The results revealed that unethical practices in the construction industry are driven by contractors' competition, bribery, profit maximisation, illegal contract awards, a lack of transparency, job insecurity, and excessive love of money. The effects of unethical practices in the construction industry were also found to include poor craftsmanship, short project lifespans, inexperienced contractors, safety concerns, fatalities, misallocation of resources, inflated project costs, and project abandonment. Overall, projects were negatively impacted by unethical behaviour in the construction industry. To enhance ethical conduct in the construction sector, the Association of Contractors should adopt and enforce a comprehensive code of ethics as a foundation for its operations, supported by robust regulatory oversight, strict adherence to public procurement laws, transparent bidding processes, and ongoing ethical awareness initiatives. The originality of this study lies in its focus on ethical issues within the construction industry, specifically in the Wa Metropolis. Unlike most prior studies in Ghana, which tend to address ethical concerns more broadly, this research uniquely concentrates on government projects.
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References
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Anikwe, N. J., Agha, K. A., & Ogbonna, N. J. (2021). A critical analysis of unethical professional practices in the construction industry in Southeast Nigeria. African Research Journal of the Environment, 4, 44-48.
Asamoah, R. O., & Dercardi-Nelson, I. (2014). Promoting trust and confidence in the construction industry in Ghana through the development and enforcement of ethics. Information and Knowledge Management, 3, 63-68.
Babbie, E. R. (2020). The practice of social research (15th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Bartlett, M. S. (1954). A note on the multiplying factors for various χ² approximations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 16, 296-298.
Basit, T. N. (2003). Manual or electronic? The role of coding in qualitative data analysis. Educational Research, 45(2), 143–154.
Boadu, M. (2013). Ethical dimensions of corporate governance practice in Ghana: Building a theoretical perspective (PhD thesis). Plymouth University.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. London: SAGE Publications.
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Burns, T., & Roszkowska, E. (2016). Rational choice theory: Toward a psychological, social, and material contextualization of human choice behavior. Scientific Research, 6, 1-16.
Catell, R. B. (1966). The scree test for number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 245–276.
Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). London: SAGE Publications.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Cycyota, C. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2006). What (not) to expect when surveying executives: A meta-analysis of top manager response rates and techniques over time. Organisational Research Methods, 9, 133–160.
Dekker, S. W. (2017). Rasmussen’s legacy and the long arm of rational choice. Applied Ergonomics, 59, 554-557.
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Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
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George, C. (2006). Engineering ethics: Peace, justice, and the earth. United States of America: Morgan and Claypool.
Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (2017). Statistics for the behavioral sciences (10th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Guest, G., MacQueen, K. M., & Namey, E. E. (2012). Applied thematic analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Hamimah, A., Hashim, N., Yusuwan, N., & Ahmad, N. (2012). Ethical issues in the construction industry: Contractor's perspective. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 35, 719-727.
Hamzah, A., Wang, C., & Yap, X. W. (2010). How professional ethics impact construction quality: Perception and evidence in a fast developing economy. Scientific Research and Essays, 5, 3742-3749.
Hartman, L. (2005). Perspectives in business ethics. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Hawkins, J. (2013). How to note: Reducing corruption in infrastructure sectors. Evidence on Demand. http://dx.doi.org/10.12774/eod_cr.may2013.Hawkins.
Ibrahim, Z., Hamzah, N., & Khoiry, M. A. (2019). Research on the unethical conducts and practices among professionals in the construction industry. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 8, 1130-1136.
Johnson, D. G. (1991). Ethical issues in engineering. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall.
Johnson, R. B., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come. Educational Researcher, 33, 14-26.
Jolliffe, I. T., & Cadima, J. (2016). Principal component analysis: A review and recent developments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 374(2065), 20150202.
Kahlela, T. (2018). Ethics in construction industry: Project managers’ case study (Master’s thesis). Durban University of Technology.
Kaiser, H. (1970). A second generation little jiffy. Psychometrika, 35, 401–415.
Kaiser, H. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39, 31–36.
Khamkham, M. (2017). Development of an integrated quality management framework for manufacturing organisations (PhD thesis). Sheffield Hallam University.
Kumar, R. (2019). Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners (5th ed.). SAGE.
Kuoribo, E., Owusu-Manu, D. G., Yomoah, R., Debrah, C., Acheampong, A., & Edwards, D. J. (2021). Ethical and unethical behaviour of built environment professionals in the Ghanaian construction industry. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 21, 840-861.
Le, Y., Shan, M., Chan, A. P., & Hu, Y. (2014). Investigating the causal relationships between causes of and vulnerabilities to corruption in the Chinese public construction sector. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 140, 05014007.
Leech, N. L., Barrett, K., & Morgan, G. A. (2013). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C., & Morgan, G. A. (2005). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation (2nd ed.). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Liu, A. M. M., Fellows, R., & Ng, J. (2004). Surveyor’s perspective on ethics in organisational culture. Engineering Construction and Architectural Management, 11, 438-449.
Maseko, C. (2017). Literature on theory and practice on unethical practices in the construction of projects: A case of an emerging economy. Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions, 7, 214-224.
McDowell, B. (1991). Ethical conduct and the professional's dilemma. New York, USA: Quorum Books.
Mellahi, K., & Harris, L. C. (2016). Response rates in business and management research: An overview of current practice and suggestions for future direction. British Journal of Management, 27, 426-437.
Miller, D. (2011). Improve poor ethics in construction: Set consequences. Colorado Real Estate Journal online. http://www.google.ps/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&hsqi=2&ved=0CDEQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.ow.ly%2Fdocs%2FCREJ%2520-%2520Warranty%2520Contributed2520Article_iuL.pdf&ei=Nm51UfuROsLcOemBgagC
Moris, N., Sarpin, N., Mohamed, S., Wee, S. T., & Khalid, Z. (2022). The factors of safety ethics issues among construction industry personnel. Research in Management of Technology and Business, 3, 441-454.
Neuman, W. L. (2014). Basics of social research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Pearson Education Inc.
Okolie, U. C., & Edo, Z. O. (2023). Issues and failure of infrastructure project implementation in Nigeria. Social Sciences, Humanities and Education Journal (SHE Journal), 4, 580-596.
Olusegun, A., Benson, O., Esther, A., & Michael, A. (2011). Corruption in the construction industry of Nigeria: Causes and solutions. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 2, 156-159.
Owusu-Manu, D. G., Jehuri, A. B., Edwards, D. J., Boateng, F., & Asumadu, G. (2019). The impact of infrastructure development on economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa with special focus on Ghana. Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction, 24, 253-273.
Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (7th ed.). Routledge.
Pearl, R., Bowen, P., Makanjee, N., Akintoye, A., & Evans, K. (2005). Professional ethics in the South African construction industry: A pilot study. In Proceedings of the Australian Universities Building Educators Association Conference, Brisbane.
Ray, R., Hornibrook, J., & Skitmore, R. (1999). Ethics in tendering: A survey of Australian opinion and practice. Construction Management and Economics, 17, 39-153.
Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., & Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013). Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. London: SAGE Publications.
Sarantakos, S. (2013). Social science research (4th ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
Sasu, D. D. (2024). Annual contributions of construction to GDP in Ghana 2013-2023. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1271654/annual-contributions-of-the-construction-industry-to-gdp-in-ghana/
Sato, Y. (2010). Rational choice theory. Sociopedia Isa, 13, 1-10.
Shah, R. K., & Alotaibi, M. (2017). A study of unethical practices in the construction industry and potential preventive measures. Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management, 3, 55-77.
Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (2010). SAGE Handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55.
Thomas, D. R. (2006). A general inductive approach for analysing qualitative evaluation data. American Journal of Evaluation, 27, 237-246.
Thurstone, L. L. (1947). Multiple factor analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wa Municipal Assembly. (2023). Composite budget for 2023-2026 programme based budget estimates for 2023. https://wamunicipal.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Composite-Budget-2023_compressed.pdf
Wa Municipal Assembly. (2024). Composite budget for 2024-2027 programme based budget estimates for 2024. https://mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/composite-budget/2024/UW/Wa.pdf
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Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: An introductory analysis (2nd ed.). New York: Harper and Row.
Yukhymenko, M. A., Brown, S. W., Lawless, K. A., Brodowinska, K., & Mullin, G. (2014). Thematic analysis of teacher instructional practices and student responses in middle school classrooms with problem-based learning environment. Thematic Analysis of Teacher Instructional Objectives, 1, 93-109.
Zohrabi, M. (2013). Mixed method research: Instruments, validity, reliability, and reporting findings. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3, 254-262.
Ahmed, K., Hatira, L., & Valva, P. (2014). The construction industry in Ghana, West Africa (Master’s thesis). Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden.
Aigbavboa, C., Oke, A., & Tyali, S. (2016). Unethical practices in South African construction industry. In F. Emuze (Ed.), 5th Construction Management Conference (pp. [include pages if available]). Department of Construction Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth.
Alaloul, W. S., Musarat, M. A., Rabbani, M. B. A., Iqbal, Q., Maqsoom, A., & Farooq, W. (2021). Construction sector contribution to economic stability: Malaysian GDP distribution. Sustainability, 13, 5012.
Al-sweity, A. Y. (2013). Unethical conduct among professionals in the construction industry (Master’s thesis). Islamic University of Gaza.
Ameh, O. J., & Odusami, K. T. (2010). Professionals’ ambivalence toward ethics in the Nigerian construction industry. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 136, 9-16.
Ameyaw, E. E., Pärn, E., Chan, A. P. C., Owusu-Manu, D., Edwards, D. J., & Darko, A. (2017). Corrupt practices in the construction industry: A survey of Ghanaian experience. Journal of Management in Engineering, 33, 05017006.
Amoah, C., & Steyn, D. (2023). Barriers to unethical and corrupt practices avoidance in the construction industry. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 41, 85-101.
Anikwe, N. J., Agha, K. A., & Ogbonna, N. J. (2021). A critical analysis of unethical professional practices in the construction industry in Southeast Nigeria. African Research Journal of the Environment, 4, 44-48.
Asamoah, R. O., & Dercardi-Nelson, I. (2014). Promoting trust and confidence in the construction industry in Ghana through the development and enforcement of ethics. Information and Knowledge Management, 3, 63-68.
Babbie, E. R. (2020). The practice of social research (15th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Bartlett, M. S. (1954). A note on the multiplying factors for various χ² approximations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 16, 296-298.
Basit, T. N. (2003). Manual or electronic? The role of coding in qualitative data analysis. Educational Research, 45(2), 143–154.
Boadu, M. (2013). Ethical dimensions of corporate governance practice in Ghana: Building a theoretical perspective (PhD thesis). Plymouth University.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. London: SAGE Publications.
Browne, H. (2004). The unselfishness trap. In How I Found Freedom in an Unfree World (Original work published 1973).
Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (2011). Quantitative data analysis with IBM SPSS 17, 18 & 19: A guide for social scientists. Routledge.
Burns, T., & Roszkowska, E. (2016). Rational choice theory: Toward a psychological, social, and material contextualization of human choice behavior. Scientific Research, 6, 1-16.
Catell, R. B. (1966). The scree test for number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 245–276.
Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). London: SAGE Publications.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Cycyota, C. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2006). What (not) to expect when surveying executives: A meta-analysis of top manager response rates and techniques over time. Organisational Research Methods, 9, 133–160.
Dekker, S. W. (2017). Rasmussen’s legacy and the long arm of rational choice. Applied Ergonomics, 59, 554-557.
Delbridge, A. (2000). Macquarie Dictionary. Macquarie Point, NSW.
Fei, W., Opoku, A., Agyekum, K., Oppon, J. A., Ahmed, V., Chen, C., & Lok, K. L. (2021). The critical role of the construction industry in achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs): Delivering projects for the common good. Sustainability, 13, 9112.
Fetters, M. D., Curry, L. A., & Creswell, J. W. (2013). Achieving integration in mixed methods designs—principles and practices. Health Services Research, 48(6pt2), 2134–2156.
Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using SPSS. USA: SAGE Publications.
Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
Fritzsche, D. J. (1997). Business ethics: A global and managerial perspective. San Francisco: McGraw-Hill.
George, C. (2006). Engineering ethics: Peace, justice, and the earth. United States of America: Morgan and Claypool.
Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (2017). Statistics for the behavioral sciences (10th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Guest, G., MacQueen, K. M., & Namey, E. E. (2012). Applied thematic analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Hamimah, A., Hashim, N., Yusuwan, N., & Ahmad, N. (2012). Ethical issues in the construction industry: Contractor's perspective. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 35, 719-727.
Hamzah, A., Wang, C., & Yap, X. W. (2010). How professional ethics impact construction quality: Perception and evidence in a fast developing economy. Scientific Research and Essays, 5, 3742-3749.
Hartman, L. (2005). Perspectives in business ethics. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Hawkins, J. (2013). How to note: Reducing corruption in infrastructure sectors. Evidence on Demand. http://dx.doi.org/10.12774/eod_cr.may2013.Hawkins.
Ibrahim, Z., Hamzah, N., & Khoiry, M. A. (2019). Research on the unethical conducts and practices among professionals in the construction industry. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 8, 1130-1136.
Johnson, D. G. (1991). Ethical issues in engineering. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall.
Johnson, R. B., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come. Educational Researcher, 33, 14-26.
Jolliffe, I. T., & Cadima, J. (2016). Principal component analysis: A review and recent developments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 374(2065), 20150202.
Kahlela, T. (2018). Ethics in construction industry: Project managers’ case study (Master’s thesis). Durban University of Technology.
Kaiser, H. (1970). A second generation little jiffy. Psychometrika, 35, 401–415.
Kaiser, H. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39, 31–36.
Khamkham, M. (2017). Development of an integrated quality management framework for manufacturing organisations (PhD thesis). Sheffield Hallam University.
Kumar, R. (2019). Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners (5th ed.). SAGE.
Kuoribo, E., Owusu-Manu, D. G., Yomoah, R., Debrah, C., Acheampong, A., & Edwards, D. J. (2021). Ethical and unethical behaviour of built environment professionals in the Ghanaian construction industry. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 21, 840-861.
Le, Y., Shan, M., Chan, A. P., & Hu, Y. (2014). Investigating the causal relationships between causes of and vulnerabilities to corruption in the Chinese public construction sector. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 140, 05014007.
Leech, N. L., Barrett, K., & Morgan, G. A. (2013). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C., & Morgan, G. A. (2005). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation (2nd ed.). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Liu, A. M. M., Fellows, R., & Ng, J. (2004). Surveyor’s perspective on ethics in organisational culture. Engineering Construction and Architectural Management, 11, 438-449.
Maseko, C. (2017). Literature on theory and practice on unethical practices in the construction of projects: A case of an emerging economy. Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions, 7, 214-224.
McDowell, B. (1991). Ethical conduct and the professional's dilemma. New York, USA: Quorum Books.
Mellahi, K., & Harris, L. C. (2016). Response rates in business and management research: An overview of current practice and suggestions for future direction. British Journal of Management, 27, 426-437.
Miller, D. (2011). Improve poor ethics in construction: Set consequences. Colorado Real Estate Journal online. http://www.google.ps/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&hsqi=2&ved=0CDEQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.ow.ly%2Fdocs%2FCREJ%2520-%2520Warranty%2520Contributed2520Article_iuL.pdf&ei=Nm51UfuROsLcOemBgagC
Moris, N., Sarpin, N., Mohamed, S., Wee, S. T., & Khalid, Z. (2022). The factors of safety ethics issues among construction industry personnel. Research in Management of Technology and Business, 3, 441-454.
Neuman, W. L. (2014). Basics of social research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Pearson Education Inc.
Okolie, U. C., & Edo, Z. O. (2023). Issues and failure of infrastructure project implementation in Nigeria. Social Sciences, Humanities and Education Journal (SHE Journal), 4, 580-596.
Olusegun, A., Benson, O., Esther, A., & Michael, A. (2011). Corruption in the construction industry of Nigeria: Causes and solutions. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 2, 156-159.
Owusu-Manu, D. G., Jehuri, A. B., Edwards, D. J., Boateng, F., & Asumadu, G. (2019). The impact of infrastructure development on economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa with special focus on Ghana. Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction, 24, 253-273.
Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (7th ed.). Routledge.
Pearl, R., Bowen, P., Makanjee, N., Akintoye, A., & Evans, K. (2005). Professional ethics in the South African construction industry: A pilot study. In Proceedings of the Australian Universities Building Educators Association Conference, Brisbane.
Ray, R., Hornibrook, J., & Skitmore, R. (1999). Ethics in tendering: A survey of Australian opinion and practice. Construction Management and Economics, 17, 39-153.
Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., & Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013). Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. London: SAGE Publications.
Sarantakos, S. (2013). Social science research (4th ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
Sasu, D. D. (2024). Annual contributions of construction to GDP in Ghana 2013-2023. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1271654/annual-contributions-of-the-construction-industry-to-gdp-in-ghana/
Sato, Y. (2010). Rational choice theory. Sociopedia Isa, 13, 1-10.
Shah, R. K., & Alotaibi, M. (2017). A study of unethical practices in the construction industry and potential preventive measures. Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management, 3, 55-77.
Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (2010). SAGE Handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55.
Thomas, D. R. (2006). A general inductive approach for analysing qualitative evaluation data. American Journal of Evaluation, 27, 237-246.
Thurstone, L. L. (1947). Multiple factor analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wa Municipal Assembly. (2023). Composite budget for 2023-2026 programme based budget estimates for 2023. https://wamunicipal.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Composite-Budget-2023_compressed.pdf
Wa Municipal Assembly. (2024). Composite budget for 2024-2027 programme based budget estimates for 2024. https://mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/composite-budget/2024/UW/Wa.pdf
Wa Municipal Assembly. (2025). Composite budget for 2025-2028 programme based budget estimates for 2025. https://mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/composite-budget/2025/UW/Wa.pdf
Williams, B., Brown, T., & Onsman, A. (2012). Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine, 8, 1-13.
Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: An introductory analysis (2nd ed.). New York: Harper and Row.
Yukhymenko, M. A., Brown, S. W., Lawless, K. A., Brodowinska, K., & Mullin, G. (2014). Thematic analysis of teacher instructional practices and student responses in middle school classrooms with problem-based learning environment. Thematic Analysis of Teacher Instructional Objectives, 1, 93-109.
Zohrabi, M. (2013). Mixed method research: Instruments, validity, reliability, and reporting findings. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3, 254-262.
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Dec 19, 2025
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An Examination of Unethical Practices in the Construction Sector: The Case of Government Projects in the Wa Metropolis, Ghana. (2025). Journal of Construction Project Management and Innovation, 15(2), 15-31. https://doi.org/10.36615/jcpmi.v15i2.3721
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How to Cite
An Examination of Unethical Practices in the Construction Sector: The Case of Government Projects in the Wa Metropolis, Ghana. (2025). Journal of Construction Project Management and Innovation, 15(2), 15-31. https://doi.org/10.36615/jcpmi.v15i2.3721
