A comparative overview of Brazil and South Africa’s BRICS Agendas, 2011-2017
Main Article Content
Keywords
Brazil, South Africa, BRICS, Geopolitical South, Southern Regional Powers, Comparative Analysis
Abstract
This paper presents a comparative overview of Brazil and South African diplomacy towards the BRICS group in the period 2011-2017. Using the conceptual framework from the regional power studies, we present Dilma’s Rousseff (2011-2016) and Zuma’s (2009-2018) diplomacy towards BRIC/BRICS, seeking to understand their roles and contributions in broadening the group’s thematic agendas. In addition, we also present a timeline of the BRICS creation and institutionalization throughout its annual summits. The main sources of this research were both Brazil and South Africa’s online archives and documents on foreign affairs, as well as the specialized literature from the International Relations and Political Science field. We conclude that both Brazil and South Africa’s diplomacies towards the BRICS were part of the relational dimension of both regional powers in search for international protagonism. On the other hand, at the systemic level, it was a matter of bringing innovation to the South-South Cooperation field, promoting multilateralism, and contributing to the construction of a more diverse and inclusive international order.
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References
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Itamaraty. (2019). Cúpulas anteriores. Itamaraty. http://www.brics2019.itamaraty.gov.br/sobre-o-brics/cupulas-anteriores
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Lopes, D. B., Saliba, A. T (2016). A doutrina da Responsabilidade ao Proteger (RwP). Guia de Fontes em Ajuda Humanitária. Médicos sem fronteiras. https://guiadefontes.msf.org.br/doutrina-da-responsabilidade-ao-proteger-rwp/#_ftn1
Milani, C. R. S., & Klein, M. (2020). South-South cooperation and foreign policy: Challenges and dilemmas in the perception of Brazilian diplomats. International Relations, 35(2), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117820920906
Muresan, A. (2019). South Africa’s image in Africa and the impact on its BRICS-Africa relationships. Africa Insight, 48(4), 56‑72. https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC-15b20fb57f.
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Vigevani, T., & Cepaluni, G. (2011). A política externa brasileira: a busca da autonomia, de Sarney a Lula. (1st ed). Editora Unesp.
Waisbich, L. (2013). Ibas 10 anos depois: Um balanço do bloco Índia, Brasil e África do Sul. Conectas. https://www.conectas.org/noticias/ibas-10-anos-depois
Alves, L. P. (2018). A política externa (in)dependente em três tempos: autonomia e crise nos governos Quadros/Goulart, Geisel e Lula/Rousseff. [Doctoral dissertation, Rio de Janeiro Federal University]. IE.UFRJ. https://www.ie.ufrj.br/images/IE/PEPI/teses/2018/LEONARDO%20PACE%20ALVES.pdf (Accessed 12 September 2021).
Amorim, C. (2011). Ser radical é tomar as coisas. Conversa Fiada: conversaafiada.
Asuelime, L. E. (2018). The Pros of South Africa’s Membership of BRICS: A Re-appraisal. Journal of African Union Studies 7(1), 129-150. https://doi.org/10.31920/2050-4306/2018/v7n1a7
Batista, T. J. (2017). Potências Regionais e Segurança Internacional: o caso do Brasil na América do Sul. [Bachelor thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul]. Lume Repository. https://lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/187587
Berringer, T., & Belasques, B. (2020). As relações Brasil-China nos governos Lula e Dilma: burguesia interna e subordinação conflitiva. Revista Carta Internacional, 15(3), 151-173. https://doi.org/10.21530/ci.v15n3.2020.1078
Braga, J. G. (2017). Dilma Rousseff e a Política Externa Brasileira: Diplomacia Presidencial na Unasul e no Brics. [Master thesis, Uberlândia Federal University]. UFU Repository. http://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/20974
Braga, P. R. S. (2018). Potências regionais por uma nova ordem? A política externa de Brasil e África do Sul no campo dos direitos humanos. [Doctoral dissertation, Rio de Janeiro State University] BDTB Repository. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/handle/1/12479.
Braga, P. S., Duarte, R. S. (2021). O Sul Geopolítico nas Agendas de Pesquisa em Relações Internacionais. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Militares, ECEME. www.ppgcm.eceme.eb.mil.br/index.php/es/nuestro-trabajo/eventos/30-eventos/511-o-sul-geopolitico-nas-agendas-de-pesquisa-em-relacoes-internacionais
BRICS. (2011). Sanya Declaration. BRICS 2016. http://brics2016.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/3rd.pdf
BRICS. (2012). Fourth BRICS Summit – Delhi Declaration. BRICS 2016 http://brics2016.gov.in/upload/files/document/57566ddcc42a94th.pdf
BRICS. (2013). eThekwini Declaration: BRICS and Africa: Partnership for Development, Integration, and Industrialisation. BRICS Information Centre, University of Toronto. www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/130327-statement.pdf
BRICS. (2014). Sixth BRICS Summit: Fortaleza Declaration. BRICS Information Centre, University of Toronto, 2014. Utoronto. http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/140715?leaders.html
BRICS. (2015). Seventh BRICS Summit: Ufa Declaration. BRICS Information Centre, University of Toronto. http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/150709-ufa-declaration_en.html
BRICS. (2016). Eighth BRICS Summit: Goa Declaration. BRICS Information Centre, University of Toronto. http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/161016-goa.html
BRICS. (2017). Ninth BRICS Summit: Xiamen Declaration. BRICS Information Centre, University of Toronto. http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/170904-xiamen.html
BRICS Think Tanks Council. (2015). Towards a long-term strategy for BRICS: a proposal. (1st Ed.). Institute for Applied Economic Research (IPEA).
Department of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO). (2013). Annual Report of the Department of Foreign Affairs – 2012/13. DIRCO. http://www.dirco.gov.za/department/report_2012_2013/annual_report_2012_2013.pdf.
Bond, P., Garcia, A. (2015). Introduction, in Bond and Garcia (eds.). BRICS, an anti-capitalist critique. Johannesburg: Jacana Media.
Carvalho, E. M. de. (2018). A segunda década do BRICS: entre a expansão e a retração da agenda reformista. Ideias, 9(2), 265–292. https://doi.org/10.20396/ideias.v9i2.8655191
Department of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO). (2012). Annual Report of the Department of Foreign Affairs – 2011/12. DIRCO. http://www.dirco.gov.za/department/report_2011-2012/annual_report_2011-2012.pdf.
Department of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO). (2013). Annual Report of the Department of Foreign Affairs – 2012/13. DIRCO. http://www.dirco.gov.za/department/report_2012_2013/annual_report_2012_2013.pdf.
Department of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO). (2014). Annual Report of the Department of Foreign Affairs – 2013/14. DIRCO. http://www.dirco.gov.za/department/annual_report_2013-2014/annual_report_2013-2014.pdf.
Department of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO). (2017). Annual Report of the Department of Foreign Affairs – 2016/17. DIRCO. http://www.dirco.gov.za/department/report_2016-2017/annual_report2016_2017.pdf.
Department of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO). (2020). BRICS to deliver for SA, Cape Argus, by Minister Naledi Pandor. 2020. DIRCO. www.dirco.gov.za/docs/2020/brics1120.htm.
Department of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO). (2021). Addresses and Speeches by Former President of South Africa, Mr Jacob Zuma. DIRCO. http://www.dirco.gov.za/docs/speeches/jzuma.html#2011
Diko, N & Sempijja, N. (2020). Does participation in BRICS foster
South-South cooperation? Brazil, South Africa, and the Global South, Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 39(1), 151-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2020.1837746
Flemes, D., & Wojczewski, T. (2011). Contested Leadership in International Relations: Power Politics in South America, South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa. GIGA Working Papers, (121), 1-35. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1547773
Fonseca Jr., G. (2012). BRICS: notas e questões. In: FUNAG. O Brasil, os BRICS e a agenda internacional. (1st ed.). Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão.
Itamaraty. (2019). Cúpulas anteriores. Itamaraty. http://www.brics2019.itamaraty.gov.br/sobre-o-brics/cupulas-anteriores
Käkönen, J. (2014). Brics as a New Power In International Relations? Geopolitics, History, and International Relations, 6(2), 85–104. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26805954
Lima, M. R. S de., & Pinheiro, L. (2018). Between Autonomy and Dependency: the Place of Agency in Brazilian Foreign Policy. Brazilian Political Science Review, 12(3), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-3821201800030003.
Lopes, D. B., Saliba, A. T (2016). A doutrina da Responsabilidade ao Proteger (RwP). Guia de Fontes em Ajuda Humanitária. Médicos sem fronteiras. https://guiadefontes.msf.org.br/doutrina-da-responsabilidade-ao-proteger-rwp/#_ftn1
Milani, C. R. S., & Klein, M. (2020). South-South cooperation and foreign policy: Challenges and dilemmas in the perception of Brazilian diplomats. International Relations, 35(2), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117820920906
Muresan, A. (2019). South Africa’s image in Africa and the impact on its BRICS-Africa relationships. Africa Insight, 48(4), 56‑72. https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC-15b20fb57f.
Nel, P. (2010). Redistribution and recognition: what emerging regional powers want. Review of International Studies, 36(4), 951-974. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210510001385
NBD (New Development Bank). (2014). Agreement on the New Development Bank. NBD. https://www.ndb.int/wp-content/themes/ndb/pdf/Agreement-on-the-New-Development-Bank.pdf
NBD (New Development Bank). (2017a). NDB’s General Strategy: 2017 — 2021. NDB. https://www.ndb.int/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/NDB-Strategy-Final.pdf
New Development Bank (NDB) (2017b). African Development Bank, New Development Bank partner to deliver life-changing projects for millions of Africans. https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/press-releases/african-development-bank-new-development-bank-partner-deliver-life-changing-projects-millions-africans-32234
Patriota, A. (2021). Class 13: Um Brasil com Influência Global (2011-2016). In Centro Brasileiro de Relações Internacionais (CEBRI). História da Diplomacia Brasileira – Do Império ao Século XXI. Online course organized by CEBRI.
Parliamentary Monitoring Group (PMG). (2013). South Africa’s participation in BRICS: Round table discussion, including Deputy Minister. PMG. https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/15353/
PRYS, Miriam. (2012). Redefining Regional Power in International Relations. (1st ed.).: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203119495
Sapientia. (2018). 10 anos de BRICS, a sigla multilateral gigante por natureza. Curso Sapientia. https://www.cursosapientia.com.br/conteudo/noticias/10-anos-de-brics-a-sigla-multilateral-gigante-por-natureza
Sidiropoulos, E., C. Prinsloo, L. Mpugonse, & N. Grobbelar. (2018). “BRICS, Africa and Global Economic Governance: Achievements and the Future.” GEGAfrica Discussion Paper.
Silva, A. M. M. P. da. (2013) O Bric na Política Externa do Governo Lula (2003-2010): do Conceito à Coalizão. [Master’s dissertation, University of Brasilia]. UnB Repository. https://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/13650
Soko, M., Qobo, M. (2016). The Role of the BRIC in Africa’s Development: Drivers and Strategies. Journal for Contemporary History, 41(1), 80-102. https://doi.org/10.18820/24150509/jch.v41i1.5
Van Onselen, G. (2012). How Much does Jacob Zuma Cost us?. Politicsweb. https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/how-much-does-jacob-zuma-cost-us
Vasconcelos, J. E. M. de. Brics: agenda regulatória. Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2018.
Vigevani, T., & Cepaluni, G. (2011). A política externa brasileira: a busca da autonomia, de Sarney a Lula. (1st ed). Editora Unesp.
Waisbich, L. (2013). Ibas 10 anos depois: Um balanço do bloco Índia, Brasil e África do Sul. Conectas. https://www.conectas.org/noticias/ibas-10-anos-depois
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A comparative overview of Brazil and South Africa’s BRICS Agendas, 2011-2017. (2022). Journal of BRICS Studies, 1(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.36615/jbs.v1i1.652
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Murilo Gomes da Costa, State University of Rio de Janeiro
Institute of Social and Political Studies
How to Cite
A comparative overview of Brazil and South Africa’s BRICS Agendas, 2011-2017. (2022). Journal of BRICS Studies, 1(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.36615/jbs.v1i1.652