Women Economic Empowerment during Covid-19 Crisis and Transition in BRICS Countries
Main Article Content
Keywords
BRICS, Women Economic Empoerment, Covid-19, Policy Change
Abstract
The paper reviews the BRICS policies in rebuilding economies equity and fairness. All economies are affected by the global pandemic, which has damaged most economies and led to a worldwide public health emergency. The paper adopts a qualitative approach by exploring secondary sources to analyse the role of the BRICS community on women's economic empowerment during the Covid-19 pandemic. It presents a descriptive narrative in the context of the study. The findings project that the BRICS community still lacks strategic policy implementation that integrates women into the BRICS economy. As a result, there is a massive gap in women's economic representativeness and the need to promote access and affordable policies and education-related initiatives that enhance gender inclusion. It recommends that BRICS communities ensure closer cooperation with various stakeholders, national organisations, private businesses, and multinationals to promote gender equality in their respective economies.
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References
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Zondi, S. (2021). Can the BRICS be a catalyst for Transformation of Global Governance, in Post Covid-19 Recovery: BRICS Academic Review. National Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences (NIHSS) 2021. Available at https://www.nihss.ac.za/sites/default/files/BRICS/BAR_5_e-version.pdf (Accessed: 11 April, 2021).
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Asaolu, I. O., Alaofe, H., Gunn, J., Adu, A., Monroy, A., Ehiri, J., Hayden, M., & Ernst, K. (2018). ‘Measuring Women’s Empowerment in Sub-Saharan Africa: Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses of the Demographic and Health Surveys’, Frontiers in Psychology. Frontiers, 9, p. 994. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00994
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Department of Women (2015). Status of Women and Girls in South Africa 2015 Towards the United Nation General Assembly Meeting on the New Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Available at: http://www.gov.za/sites/www.gov.za/files/Status_of_women_in_SA_economy.pdf. (Accessed 24 February, 2019).
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Feng, H., Cai Ru Gan, C., & Davies, S.E. (2020).Can Covid-19 Enhance Gender Equalities in China’s Health Policies? The Interpreter. Available at https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/can-covid-19-advance-gender-equality-china-s-health-policies (Accessed 22 April 2021).
Fibig, V. (2020). The Impact of Covid-19 on Female Entrepreneurs in MENA. Available at https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/impact-covid-19-female-entrepreneurs-mena (Accessed: 11 April, 2021).
Gangadhar S.C.H. & Malyadri, P. (2015). ‘Impact of Microfinance on Women Empowerment: An Empirical Evidence from Andhra Pradesh’, Entrepreneurship & Organization Management , 4(2), pp. 1–8.
Holder, A. (2019). BRICS countries can do more to improve Gender Equality. USNews, 6 June 2019. Available at https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2019-06-06/commentary-brics-nations-can-do-more-to-improve-gender-equality (Accessed 13 April, 2021).
Khandare, V.B. (2019). ‘International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research, 04(05), pp. 3319-3334. Available at: http://www.ijsser.orgimpactfactor:2.173 (Accessed: 30 August 2020).
Klapper, L., Singer, D., Ansar, S. & Hess, J. (2017). The Global Findex Database. Washington DC.
Maasdorp, L. (2020). How Multilateral Development Banks can lead through a Crisis. Available at https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/07/brics-new-development-bank-leads-member-states-through-the-covid-19-crisis/ (Accessed: 11 April, 2021).
Mallapur, C. (2015). Crime against Women Reported every Two Minutes. Available at https://www.indiaspend.com/crimes-against-women-reported-every-two-minutes-84240 (Accessed 23 April 2021).
Maluleke, R. (2020). Covid-19 Pandemic in South Africa: Demographic Volume. Statistics South Africa. Available at http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/Report%2000-80-05/Report%2000-80-052020.pdf (Accessed 15 April 2021).
Mosoetsa, S. (2021). 10 Years in BRICS: South Africa Holds its own and looks into the Future, in Post Covid-19 Recovery: BRICS Academic Review. National Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences (NIHSS) 2021. Available at https://www.nihss.ac.za/sites/default/files/BRICS/BAR_5_e-version.pdf (Accessed: 11 April, 2021).
Mphambukeli, T. (2021). Quality Infrastructure and Sustainability post Covid-19 in BRICS, in Post Covid-19 Recovery: BRICS Academic Review. National Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences (NIHSS) 2021. Available at https://www.nihss.ac.za/sites/default/files/BRICS/BAR_5_e-version.pdf (Accessed: 11 April, 2021).
OECD (2012). Women’s Economic Empowerment. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/dac/povertyreduction/50157530.pdf (Accessed: 1 September 2017).
OECD (2012). Gender Equality in Education, Employment and Entrepreneurship: Final Report to the MCM 2012 C/MIN(2012)5. Paris. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/employment/50423364.pdf (Accessed: 6 September 2017).
Ojo, T.A. (2020). A Study of Financial Inclusion for South African Women: A case study of women Entrepreneurs in Gauteng. Doctoral Thesis, University of Pretoria.
Onditi, F. & Odera, J. (2017). ‘Gender Equality as a means to Women Empowerment? Consensus, Challenges and Prospects for Post-2015 Development Agenda in Africa’, African Geographical Review, 36(2), pp. 146–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/19376812.2016.1185737
Osinubi, T., & Asongu, S. (2020). Globalisation and Female Economic Participation in MINT and BRICS countries. Journal of Economic Studies. European Xtramile Centre for African Studies (EXCAS) Working Paper WP/20/058. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-08-2020-0381
Pandor, N. (2021). BRICS Approach to the Post Covid-19 Recovery, in Post Covid-19 Recovery: BRICS Academic Review. National Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences (NIHSS) 2021. Available at https://www.nihss.ac.za/sites/default/files/BRICS/BAR_5_e-version.pdf (Accessed: 11 April, 2021).
Panova, V. & Stapran, N. (2020). Women Economic Empowerment in BRICS: Policies, Achievements, Challenges and Solutions. National Committee on BRICS Research, Russia. Available at http://www.nkibrics.ru/ckeditor_assets/attachments/600a8a8e6272697eb4070000/toolkit_women_in_brics.pdf?1611303566 (Accessed: 11 April, 2021).
Parker, A., Maree, G., Gotz, G., & Khanyile, S. (2020). How Covid-19 puts Women at more Risks than Men in Gauteng South Africa. The Conversation. Available at https://theconversation.com/how-covid-19-puts-women-at-more-risk-than-men-in-gauteng-south-africa-150570 (Accessed on 15 April 2021).
Rhozanovskaya, N. & Pardini, V. (2020).The Status of Women in Russian Society. Kennan Institute Live Virtual Conference, July 21-23. Available at https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/uploads/documents/Status%20of%20Women%20in%20Russian%20Society%20Conference%20Report.pdf (Accessed 22 April 2021).
Saeed, H. (2019). 5 Ways We Can Empower Women Globally, Atlas Corps. Available at: https://atlascorps.org/5-ways-we-can-empower-women-globally/ (Accessed: 6 August 2020).
Sell, M. and Minot, N. (2018). ‘What Factors explain Women’s Empowerment? Decision-Making Among Small-Scale Farmers in Uganda’, Women’s Studies International Forum. Pergamon, 71, pp. 46–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2018.09.005
Sharma, S. (2016). Achieving Gender Equality in India: What Works and What Doesn’t. United Nations University. Available at https://unu.edu/publications/articles/achieving-gender-equality-in-india-what-works-and-what-doesnt.html (Accessed 23 April 2021).
Stotsky, J., Shibuya, S., Kolovich, L. & Kabihaj, S. (2016). ‘Trends in Gender Equality and Women’s Advancement’, IMF Working Papers. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2754925
Textor, C. (2020). Women in China, STATISTA. Available at https://www.statista.com/topics/4860/women-in-china/ (Accessed 21 April 2021).
Tiessen, R. & Delaney, J. (2018). Inclusive Development Practice for Women. IVCO-2018 Paper. Canada. Available at: https://www.entwicklungsdienst.de/fileadmin/AKLHUE_Relaunch/IVCO-2018-Theme-Paper-2.pdf (Accessed: 6 August 2020).
UNESCO. Gender Equality and Culture. Available at http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/RESOURCES_Informkultura_Russian_State_Library_Gender_Equ.pdf (Accessed 22 April 2021).
UN-Women (2020). Brazil Commits to Realise Women’s Rights on All Fronts. Available at https://www.unwomen.org/en/get-involved/step-it-up/commitments/brazil (Accessed 17 April 2021).
Van Staden, C. & Mpungose, L. (2018). BRICS Should Adopt Inclusive Approach to Women. SAIIA Policy Insights, No 63. Available at https://saiia.org.za/research/brics-should-adopt-inclusive-approach-to-women/ (Accessed 13 April, 2021).
Verdier-Chouchane, A. (2016). Review Essay Women in Inclusive Development: An Overview, Région et Développement. Available at: http://regiondeveloppement.univtln.fr/en/pdf/R44/3_VerdierChouchane.pdf (Accessed: 24 February 2019).
Zondi, S. (2021). Can the BRICS be a catalyst for Transformation of Global Governance, in Post Covid-19 Recovery: BRICS Academic Review. National Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences (NIHSS) 2021. Available at https://www.nihss.ac.za/sites/default/files/BRICS/BAR_5_e-version.pdf (Accessed: 11 April, 2021).
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Jul 3, 2023
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Women Economic Empowerment during Covid-19 Crisis and Transition in BRICS Countries. (2023). Journal of BRICS Studies, 1(2), 72-84. https://doi.org/10.36615/jbs.v1i2.635
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Women Economic Empowerment during Covid-19 Crisis and Transition in BRICS Countries. (2023). Journal of BRICS Studies, 1(2), 72-84. https://doi.org/10.36615/jbs.v1i2.635