Are Sino-Africa Relations Mutually Beneficial for Africa? The Case of South Africa and Zambia
Main Article Content
Keywords
Africa, South Africa, Zambia, China, Diplomacy, Economic Cooperation
Abstract
Throughout the years, China has managed to acquire enormous political and economic growth. Through these efforts China gained global recognition from then world superpowers (Britain, France, and United States of America), and was introduced to the United Nations Security Council as a permanent member in 1971. In order to maintain this position in the international arena, China focused on strengthening her rapidly developing economy by entering the African diaspora where she would acquire much needed raw minerals and varying sources of energy to sustain and further bolster her developing but competitive economy. These relations resulted in strengthened political and economic relations between China and African countries. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether Sino-Africa relations are mutually beneficial, and not lopsided in favor of Chinese interests. To determine this, the paper will be assigned with four task; (1) analyzing diplomatic and economic interactions between China and African nations (vice versa); (2) addressing the common perceptions and misconceptions associated with China’s activities in Africa; (3) to determine whether indeed Sino-Africa relationships are based on mutual gains or if they are lopsided and in favor of China’s interests; (4) to determine whether or not these relations and interactions have a promising future.
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References
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I-Cheng, L. 2002. Valiant but Fruitless Endeavors: The Memoirs of Loh I-Cheng. Commonwealth Publication: Taipei.
IKE, N.M. and EZE, U.T. 2013. LIBERALISM AND REALISM: A MATRIX FOR POLITICAL ECONOMY. International Journal of Business and Management Review, 1(4), pp.15-25.
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Kragelund, P. 2009. ‘Knocking on a wide-open door: Chinese investments in Africa’. Review of African Political Economy, 33(122), pp.479-484. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056240903346111
Landsberg, C. 2004. The Quiet Diplomacy Liberation – International Politics and South Africa’s Transition. Jacana: South Africa.
Liqing, L. 2015. Recalling the visit of Slovo to China. Dangdai Shijie, 3, pp. 39-49, 62.
Lumamba-Kasongo, T. 2011. China-Africa Relations: A Neo-Imperialism or a Neo-Colonialism?: A Reflection. Africa and Asian Studies, 10, pp. 236, 238, 258, 259, 263.
Magnusson, L. 1993. Mercantilist Economy. Kluwer Academic Publishers: New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1408-0
Maloka, E, 2013. The South African Communist Party: Exile and After Apartheid. Jacana Media: Johannesburg.
Mandela, N. 1994. Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Little, Brown and Company: New York.
Markusen, J. 2005. Modelling the offshoring of white-collar services: From comparative Advantage to the new theories of trade and FDI. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3386/w11827
Meiser, J.W. 2018. Introducing Liberalism in International Relations Theory. University of Portland: USA.
Miao, M., Yushi, J., Borojo, D.G. 2020. The Impacts of China-Africa Economic Relations on Factor Productivity of African Countries. Economies, 8(47), pp.7-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies8020047
Miaogeng, L. 2009. The torturous process of establishing diplomatic relations between China and South Africa. Xiangchao, pp. 22, 39-45.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People’s Republic of China. 2000. China’s assistance in the construction of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway. Available at: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ziliao_665539/3602_665543/3604_665547/t18009.shtml. Accessed: 08 October 2023.
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Pigato, M. and Tang, W. 2015. China and Africa: Expanding Economic Ties in an Evolving Global Context. Washington DC: World Bank.
Prah, K. 2007. China and Africa: Defining a Relationship, Dialogue, Society for International Development. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100407
Prah, K.D.L.S., AND Gumede, V. 2017. Africa-China Partnerships and Relations: African Perspectives. Trenton: New Jersey.
Prontera, A. 2015. Forms of State, Capitalism and Global Financial Orders. A Critical Perspective on Financialisation and World Politics. University of Macerata: Italy.
Qichen, Q. 2003. Ten Episodes in China’s Diplomacy. Press of Shijie Zhishi: Beijing.
Rapanyane, M.B. 2020. China-Zambia political and economic relations in historical context. Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review, 8(1), pp.1-6. https://doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v8i1.350
Rupp, S. 2008. Africa and China: Engaging Postcolonial Interdependencies. China into Africa: Trade, aid and influence, pp.65-76.
Sautman, B. and Hairong, Y. 2009. African Perspectives on China-Africa Links. The China Quaterly, 199, pp. 728-259. https://doi.org/10.1017/S030574100999018X
Shelton, G. 2001. China and Africa: Building an Economic Partnership. South African Journal of International Affairs, 8(2), pp. 110-117; 122-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220460109545365
Shelton, G. 2004. Trading with the Dragon: Prospects for a China-South Africa FTA. South Africa Journal of International Affairs, 11(2), pp.59-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220460409545466
Shinn, D. and Eisenmann, J. 2005. Dueling Priorities for Beijing in the Horn of Africa. The Jamestown Foundation: USA.
Shubin, V.G. 2011. ANC: View from Moscow. Jacana Media: Johannesburg.
Sriyani, K. and Nonutu, T.E. 2020. International Political Economy: Theories and Case Studies. Penerbit: UKI Pressw
Sun, Y. 2014. China’s aid to Africa: Monster or Messiah? Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/chinas-aid-to-africa-monster-or-messiah/. Accessed: 17 March 2023.
Thompson, P. 2004. “Researching Family and Social Mobility with Two Eyes: Some Experiences of Interaction between Qualitative and Quantitative Data.” International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 7(3), pp.238-239. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557021000024785
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Zieglar, C. and Menon, R. 2014. Neomercantilism and great-power energy competition in Central Asia and the Caspian. Strategic Studies Quarterly, pp.17-29.
Adem, S. 2016. China’s Diplomacy in Eastern and Southern Africa. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315571683
Ademola, O.T., Bankole, A.S., Adewuyi, A.C. 2016. China-Africa Trade Relations: Insights from AERC Scoping Studies. The Power of the Chinese Dragon, pp.71-89. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-57449-7_4
Alden, C. 1997. Solving South Africa’s Chinese Puzzle: Democratic Foreign Policy Making and the ‘Two China’s Question’. South African Journal of International Affairs, 5(2), pp. 78-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220469709545225
Alden, C. 2005. ‘China in Africa’. Survival, 47(3), pp.158. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396330500248086
Alden, C. and Wu, Y.S. 2014. South Africa and China: The Making of a Partnership. SAIIA, 199, pp. 5-6, 6-7.
Anon. 2006. China and South Africa, the connection. Available at: https://www.southafrica.net/nanfei/consumer/english/index.cfm?fuseaction=why.conection. Accessed: 11 October 2023.
Appleyard, D.R.; Field, A.Y., and Cobb, S.L. 2010. International economics 7TH edition. McGrew Hill: Singapore.
Babbie, E. 2016. The Practice of Social Research. Chapman University: United States of America.
Bailey, M. 1975. “Chinese Aid in Action: Building the Tanzania-Zambia Railway”. World Development, 3, pp.7-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(75)90057-1
Balaam, D.N., and Dillman, B. 2011. Introduction to International Political Economy. Pearson Education, Inc: United States.
Bengoa, M. and Sanchez-Robles, B. 2003. Foreign direct investment and economic growth: New evidence from Latin America. European Journal of Political Economy, 19(3), pp.529-533. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-2680(03)00011-9
Binnatli, A. 2019. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Contemporary Relationship between China and Africa. Historia Polityka, 28(35), pp.39-40. https://doi.org/10.12775/HiP.2019.013
Botha, I. 2006. China in Africa: Friend or Foe? China’s Contemporary Political and Economic Relations with Africa. University of Stellenbosch: South Africa.
Botha, P.J. 2008. ‘China-South Africa: A Chopsticks Relationship’. Available at: https://www.chinese-embassy.org.za/eng/zxxx/t471899.htm. Accessed: 08 October 2023.
Brautigam, D & Xiaoyang, T., 2009. ‘China’s Engagement in African Agriculture: Down to the Countryside’. The China Quarterly. pp. 686. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741009990166
Choane, M. 2017, International Relations. University of the Free State: Bloemfontein.
Choy, L.T. 2014. The strengths and weaknesses of research methodology: Comparison and complimentary between qualitative and quantitative approaches. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(4), pp.99-104. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-194399104
Corkin, L. 2011. China and Angola-Strategic partnership or marriage of convenience? ANGOLA BRIEF, 1(1), pp.1-4.
Cornelissen, S., Cheru, F., Shaw, T. 2015. Africa and International Relations in the 21st Century. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillian.
Dreher, A., Fuchs, A., Parks, B., Strange, A.M., Tierney, M.J. 2018. Applies and Dragon Fruits: The Determinants of Aid and Other Forms of State Financing from China to Africa. International Studies Quarterly, 62(2), pp.180-194. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqx052
Duggan, N. 2020. Competition and Compromise among Chinese Actors in Africa: A Bureaucratic Politics Study of Chinese Foreign Policy Actors. Palgrave MacMillian. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8813-2
Ellis, S. 2013. External Mission: The ANC in Exile, 1960-1990. Oxford University Press: Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199330614.001.0001
Gebhard, C. 2022. Levels of Analysis in International Relations. Available at: https://www.e-ir.info/2022/03/27/levels-of-analysis-in-international-relations/. Accessed: 22 July 2023.
Gilpin, R. 1987. The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400882779
Guzzini, S. 1994. The Realist Quest for the Dynamic of Power. European University Institute.
Heilbroner, R.L. and Thurow, L.C. 1994. ECONOMICS EXPLAINED: Everything You Need to Know about how the Economy Works and where It’s Going. Simon & Schuster.
Heywood, A. 2013. Politics. Palgrave Macmillan: United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-27244-7
Holslag, J. 2007. “China’s new mercantilism in Central Africa”. African and Asian Studies, 5(2), pp.136-137. https://doi.org/10.1163/156920906777906781
Huajie, S. 2000. ‘Unfolding new chapter in economic and trade development between China and South Africa’. West Asia and Africa, 5, pp. 2, 4-10.
I-Cheng, L. 2002. Valiant but Fruitless Endeavors: The Memoirs of Loh I-Cheng. Commonwealth Publication: Taipei.
IKE, N.M. and EZE, U.T. 2013. LIBERALISM AND REALISM: A MATRIX FOR POLITICAL ECONOMY. International Journal of Business and Management Review, 1(4), pp.15-25.
Jackson, R. and Sørenson, G. 2013. Introduction to International Relations. Oxford University Press: United Kingdom.
Johan, S., Mahmud, A.S., and Papageorgiou, C. 2014. What Is Keynesian Economics? Finance & Development, pp.53-54.
Kabwe, M.S. 1981. New Colonialism presentation. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343828051. Accessed: 08 October 2023.
Kaplinsky, R. 2008. What does the rise of China do for industrialization in SSA? Review of Africa Political Economy, 85(1), pp. 9-19.
Kragelund, P. 2009. ‘Knocking on a wide-open door: Chinese investments in Africa’. Review of African Political Economy, 33(122), pp.479-484. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056240903346111
Landsberg, C. 2004. The Quiet Diplomacy Liberation – International Politics and South Africa’s Transition. Jacana: South Africa.
Liqing, L. 2015. Recalling the visit of Slovo to China. Dangdai Shijie, 3, pp. 39-49, 62.
Lumamba-Kasongo, T. 2011. China-Africa Relations: A Neo-Imperialism or a Neo-Colonialism?: A Reflection. Africa and Asian Studies, 10, pp. 236, 238, 258, 259, 263.
Magnusson, L. 1993. Mercantilist Economy. Kluwer Academic Publishers: New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1408-0
Maloka, E, 2013. The South African Communist Party: Exile and After Apartheid. Jacana Media: Johannesburg.
Mandela, N. 1994. Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Little, Brown and Company: New York.
Markusen, J. 2005. Modelling the offshoring of white-collar services: From comparative Advantage to the new theories of trade and FDI. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3386/w11827
Meiser, J.W. 2018. Introducing Liberalism in International Relations Theory. University of Portland: USA.
Miao, M., Yushi, J., Borojo, D.G. 2020. The Impacts of China-Africa Economic Relations on Factor Productivity of African Countries. Economies, 8(47), pp.7-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies8020047
Miaogeng, L. 2009. The torturous process of establishing diplomatic relations between China and South Africa. Xiangchao, pp. 22, 39-45.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People’s Republic of China. 2000. China’s assistance in the construction of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway. Available at: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ziliao_665539/3602_665543/3604_665547/t18009.shtml. Accessed: 08 October 2023.
Mubita, M.O. 2013. Increased Economic Relations between China and Zambia in the Last Decade: Implications on Zambia’s Existing Bilateral Relations with the United States. Available at: https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=761308. Accessed: 11 October 2023.
Mwanawina, I. 2008. China-Africa economic relations: The case of Zambia. Available at: https://aercafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/1Zambia.pdf. Accessed: 08 October 2023.
Nye J.S JR. 1988. Review: Neorealism and Neoliberalism. World Politics, 40(2). https://doi.org/10.2307/2010363
Palley, T.I. 2004. From Keynesianism to Neoliberalism: Shifting Paradigms in Economics. London: MacMillan
Perrotta, C. 1991. Is the Mercantilist Theory of the Favorable Balance of Trade Really Erroneous? History of Political Economy, 23(2), pp.312-328. https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-23-2-301
Phiri, K. 2018. Major policies that have shaped China. Available at: https://www.daily-mail/co.zm/major-policies-that-have-shaped-china. Accessed: 09 October 2023.
Pickles, J. and Woods, J. 1989. ‘Taiwanese investment in South Africa’. African Affairs, 343, pp. 510-514.
Pigato, M. and Tang, W. 2015. China and Africa: Expanding Economic Ties in an Evolving Global Context. Washington DC: World Bank.
Prah, K. 2007. China and Africa: Defining a Relationship, Dialogue, Society for International Development. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100407
Prah, K.D.L.S., AND Gumede, V. 2017. Africa-China Partnerships and Relations: African Perspectives. Trenton: New Jersey.
Prontera, A. 2015. Forms of State, Capitalism and Global Financial Orders. A Critical Perspective on Financialisation and World Politics. University of Macerata: Italy.
Qichen, Q. 2003. Ten Episodes in China’s Diplomacy. Press of Shijie Zhishi: Beijing.
Rapanyane, M.B. 2020. China-Zambia political and economic relations in historical context. Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review, 8(1), pp.1-6. https://doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v8i1.350
Rupp, S. 2008. Africa and China: Engaging Postcolonial Interdependencies. China into Africa: Trade, aid and influence, pp.65-76.
Sautman, B. and Hairong, Y. 2009. African Perspectives on China-Africa Links. The China Quaterly, 199, pp. 728-259. https://doi.org/10.1017/S030574100999018X
Shelton, G. 2001. China and Africa: Building an Economic Partnership. South African Journal of International Affairs, 8(2), pp. 110-117; 122-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220460109545365
Shelton, G. 2004. Trading with the Dragon: Prospects for a China-South Africa FTA. South Africa Journal of International Affairs, 11(2), pp.59-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220460409545466
Shinn, D. and Eisenmann, J. 2005. Dueling Priorities for Beijing in the Horn of Africa. The Jamestown Foundation: USA.
Shubin, V.G. 2011. ANC: View from Moscow. Jacana Media: Johannesburg.
Sriyani, K. and Nonutu, T.E. 2020. International Political Economy: Theories and Case Studies. Penerbit: UKI Pressw
Sun, Y. 2014. China’s aid to Africa: Monster or Messiah? Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/chinas-aid-to-africa-monster-or-messiah/. Accessed: 17 March 2023.
Thompson, P. 2004. “Researching Family and Social Mobility with Two Eyes: Some Experiences of Interaction between Qualitative and Quantitative Data.” International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 7(3), pp.238-239. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557021000024785
Tucker, B.N. 1998. “China-Taiwan: US debates and policy choices”. Survival 40, pp. 150-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/713869434
Van der Feltz, W. (2009). Prospects for a closer energy cooperation: Brazil, the European Union and the promise of biofuels. Available at: https://www.iias.nl/epa/files/Wendeline_van_der_Feltz.pdf. Accessed 18 March 2023.
Van der Wath, K. 2007. SA China business: The China Analyst. Available at: https://www.sabca.com.cn/documents/News/The China Analyst. Accessed: 22 March 2023
Wesserman, H. 2012. China in South Africa: Media responses to a developing relationship. Chinese Journal of Communication, 5(3), pp.336-347. https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2012.701428
Wolff, R.D. and Resnick, S.A. 2012. Contending Economic Theories: Neoclassical, Keynesian, and Marxian. The MIT Press: USA.
Wolvaardt, P., Wheeler, T., and Scholtz, W. 2010. From Verwoerd to Mandela: South African Diplomats Remember. Vol 2: The noose tightens. Nelson Mandela Foundation.
Wood, S.P. 2012. Retrieving the Bandung Conference…moment by moment. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 43(3), pp.523, 525-526. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463412000379
Zieglar, C. and Menon, R. 2014. Neomercantilism and great-power energy competition in Central Asia and the Caspian. Strategic Studies Quarterly, pp.17-29.
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Are Sino-Africa Relations Mutually Beneficial for Africa? The Case of South Africa and Zambia. (2025). Journal of BRICS Studies, 3(2), 43-54. https://doi.org/10.36615/k1ep3b72
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Are Sino-Africa Relations Mutually Beneficial for Africa? The Case of South Africa and Zambia. (2025). Journal of BRICS Studies, 3(2), 43-54. https://doi.org/10.36615/k1ep3b72