The Incorporation of Shikomori to Improve ICT Comprehension, Access, and Uptake by Comorian Communities

Main Article Content

Issa Goba Roukiyat https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0301-7229

Keywords

Comoros Islands, ICT Solutions, Local Communities Inclusion, Shikomori

Abstract

Despite the transformative potential of ICT, the exclusion of Shikomori from digital platforms significantly undermines digital inclusion in the Comoros. This paper explores the incorporation of Shikomori, the indigenous language of the Comoros Islands, into Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to improve understanding, accessibility, and uptake within Comorian communities. Linguistic differences are acknowledged as a significant impediment to the adoption of ICT. It is posited in this discourse that by leveraging the familiarity and cultural relevance of Shikomori, the digital divide may be bridged and inclusive technological advancement fostered. In the Comorian context, the digital divide refers to the gap between not only urban and rural populations but also young and old users’ access to affordable and reliable internet and digital technologies, as compounded by limited digital skills and infrastructure.  Digital transformation, on the other hand, focuses on expanding digital access and services, such as e-government platforms and quality internet networks to overcome this divide and foster socio-economic development. This study examines the development and implementation of Shikomori-localised ICT solutions in four key sectors; namely, tourism, administrative documents, education, and national telecommunications. In the tourism sector, the study examines the development of multilingual mobile applications that provide tourist information and navigation in Shikomori, thereby improving accessibility for local guides and community-based tourism initiatives. In the context of administrative documentation, it explores the digitisation of forms and documents in Shikomori with the objective of enhancing bureaucratic processes and fostering greater citizen engagement. In the field of education, the analysis of educational software and online resources in Shikomori is undertaken with a view to enhancing students' comprehension and knowledge retention. Moreover, the study investigates the implementation of Shikomori voice interfaces and text messaging services in national telecommunications to improve accessibility for individuals with limited literacy or fluency in official languages. The study integrates a linguistic-cultural relevance framework, postulating Shikomori integration as essential for achieving inclusive digital transformation with methodologies including linguistic analysis, user-centered design, and participatory development to ensure the solutions' effectiveness and cultural appropriateness. The findings emphasise the significant potential of Shikomori integration to democratise access to ICT, promote digital literacy, and empower Comorian communities.

Abstract 110 | PDF Downloads 43

References

Ahmed-Chamanga, M. (2010). Introduction à la grammaire structurale du comorien: Le shiNgazidja. Moroni, KomÉdit – Ya Mkobe publications.
Ahmed-Chamanga, M. (2011). « La langue comorienne ». In F. Laroussi & F. Liénard (éds.), Plurilinguisme, politique linguistique et éducation. Presses universitaires de Rouen et du Havre, 19-35. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.purh.5186
Ahmed Chamanga, M. (2022). « Chapitre 4 Shikomori, la langue bantoue des Comores : statut et perspectives ». In Manuel de politique linguistique et d’éducation dans les pays de la Communauté de développement de l’Afrique australe (SADC), 79–98. Leyde, Pays-Bas: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004516724_006
Ajibade, P. (2018). ‘Technology Acceptance Model Limitations and Criticisms: Exploring the Practical Applications and Use in Technology-related Studies, Mixed-method, and Qualitative Researches’, Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), (Paper 1941). https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1941/
Bhattacharya, S., Panyam, S., Deshmukh, G. , Gatala, S., Vemoori, V. & Seth, D. (2024). ‘Integrating User Experience and Acceptance in Authentication: A Synthesis of Technology Acceptance Model and User-Centered Design Principles’, International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology, 72(4), 15-23. https://doi.org/10.14445/22312803/IJCTT-V72I4P102
Borthwick, M., Tomitsch, M., & Gaughwin, M. (2022). ‘From human-centred to life-centred design: Considering environmental and ethical concerns in the design of interactive products’, Journal of Responsible Technology, Vol (10), Article 100032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrt.2022.100032
Chauvet, A. (2015). Statuts des langues et éducation de base aux Comores. Revue internationale d’éducation de Sèvres. 70, 77–84. Available at : http://journals.openedition.org/ries/4499. https://doi.org/10.4000/ries.4499. Accessed: November 14, 2025.
Chesire, E., & Kipkebut, A. (2024). ‘Current state, challenges and opportunities for natural language processing research and development in Africa: A systematic review’, Africa NLP workshop at ICLR 2024, Kabarak University, 1-8.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2022). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (6th ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Daniel, R. S. (2024). Le shikomor pour enseignement / apprentissage du français langue étrangère : issue interculturelle de l’insularité de Ndzuani, Revue Internationale du Chercheur. 5(2), 734-757. https://www.revuechercheur.com/index.php/home/article/view/984/818
Davis, F. & Davis, F. (1989). ‘Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology’, MIS Quarterly, 13, 319-339. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008
Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1989). ‘User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models’, Management Science, 35(8), 982-1003. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.35.8.982
Duran, N. D., Paxton, A., & Fusaroli, R. (2019). ‘ALIGN: Analyzing linguistic interactions with generalizable techNiques-A Python library’, Psychological Methods, 24(4), 419-438. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000206
Galla, C. (2018). ‘Digital Realities of Indigenous Language Revitalization: A Look at Hawaiian Language Technology in the Modern World’, Language and Literacy, 20, 100-120. https://doi.org/10.20360/langandlit29412
Gay, J. C. (2001). ‘La diffusion du tourisme dans l’archipel comorien’, Mappemonde, 64(4), 15–18. https://doi.org/10.3406/mappe.2001.1699
Goosen, M., Prinsloo, D., & Taljard, E. (2023). ‘Creating electronic resources for African languages through digitisation: A technical report’, Journal of the Digital Humanities Association of Southern Africa, 4(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.55492/dhasa.v4i01.4441
Halidi, A. (2018). ‘Comores: Colonisation, insularité et imaginaire national’, Comoros: Colonization, insularity and national imagination. Les Cahiers d’Outre-Mer, 71(278), 403-432. https://doi.org/10.4000/com.9692
Kukutai, T., & Taylor, J. (2016). Indigenous data sovereignty: Toward an agenda. Australian National University Press. Canberra. http://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/centre-aboriginal-economic-policy-research-caepr/indigenous-data-sovereignty
Mugane, J. M. (1997). ‘Learning African Languages with Evolving Digital Technologies’, Africa Today, 44(4), 423-441. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4187190
Naira, A. M., Bahafid., A., & Erraji, Z. (2024). Datasets creation and empirical evaluations of cross-lingual learning on extremely low-resource languages: A focus on Comorian dialects. In S. Henning & M. Stede (Eds.), Proceedings of The 18th Linguistic Annotation Workshop (LAW-XVIII), 140-149. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Naira, A. M., Bahafid., A., Benelallam,I., & Erraji, Z. (2024). ‘Harnessing Transfer Learning from Swahili: Advancing Solutions for Comorian Dialects. 6th Deep Learning Indaba Conference (DLI 2024). Available at: https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.12143. Accessed: June 21, 2025.
Obikudo, E. F. (2022). ‘Digitizing African languages: Building a digital lexicon’, Journal for Translation Studies in Nigeria (JTSN), 1(1), 38-52.
ONTC. (2024). Catalogue of hotel investment sites in the Comoros. Moroni: ONTC Publications.
ORELC, Online dictionary of Shikomori. Availabe at: https://orelc.ac/academy/ShikomoriWords/?i=kmWords. Accessed: September 24, 2025.
Osborn, D. (2010). African languages in a digital age: Challenges and opportunities for indigenous language computing. IDRC-funded African Network for Localization, Cape Town: HSRC Press. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11910/4355
Panicker, P. (2020). Embedding Culture and Grit in the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) for Higher Education. Available at: https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.11973. Accessed: June 21, 2025.
Pea, R., (1987). ‘User centered system design: New perspectives on human-computer interaction’, Journal of Educational Computing Research, 3(1), 129-134.
Pinch, T. J., & Bijker, W. E. (1984). ‘The Social Construction of Facts and Artefacts: or How the Sociology of Science and the Sociology of Technology might Benefit Each Other’, Social Studies of Science, 14(3), 399-441. https://doi.org/10.1177/030631284014003004
Salawu, A. (2019). African language digital media and communication. Routledge Contemporary Africa. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351120425
Smith, L. T. (2021). Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples (3rd ed.). London: Zed Books. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350225282
Soihili, S. (2011). La langue française dans l’archipel des Comores : statut, usages et pratiques de langue. In F. Laroussi & F. Liénard (eds.), Plurilinguisme, politique linguistique et éducation. Mont-Saint-Aignan: Presses universitaires de Rouen et du Havre. 175-185. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.purh.5210
Tahmasebi, F. (2023). ‘The Digital Divide: A Qualitative Study of Technology Access in Rural Communities’, AI and Tech in Behavioral and Social Sciences. 1 (1). 33-39. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.aitech.1.2.6
Thompson, R. & Berko Gleason, Jean. (2001). Language death. David Crystal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716401212077
UNESCO. (2003). Language vitality and endangerment. Unesco Ad Hoc Expert Group on Endangerment Languages. Available at: https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/00120-EN.pdf. Accessed: September 24, 2025.
UNESCO. (2003). Recommendation concerning the promotion and use of multilingualism and universal access to cyberspace. Available at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000153336 Accessed: September 24, 2025.
Van Velsen L, Ludden G, Grünloh C. (2022). ‘The Limitations of User- and Human-Centered Design in an eHealth Context and How to Move Beyond Them’. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 24(10):e37341. https://doi.org/10.2196/37341
Warschauer, M. (2003). Technology and social inclusion: Rethinking the digital divide. Cambridge: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/6699.001.0001
Wilson, S. (2008). Research Is Ceremony: Indigenous Research Methods. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.
World Bank (2021), Comoros integrated development and competitiveness project: Promoting Technology Adoption to Raise Productivity, Supporting Entrepreneurship and SME Growth. Available at: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/556041518192665327/Comoros-Integrated-Development-and-Competitiveness-Project.docx. Accessed: September 27, 2025.