Land Question in Post-Apartheid South Africa An Appraisal of Social Justice Theory
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Résumé
Following the end of apartheid regime in 1994, it became clear to the government that a new constitution was urgently needed in order to redistribute and restitute land. After two years of intense deliberations and consultations, a new constitution was finally adopted in 1996. The new constitution clearly spelt out the fundamental principles of land reform policy. As a result, three-legged land reform strategy was adopted. These are (i) land tenure; (ii) land restitution; and (iii) land redistribution. However, existing scholarship has shown that these land reform programmes have not really addressed the social injustices of the past. Although there has been interesting scholarship on land question in post-apartheid South Africa, most of the previous studies focus on ‘economic compensation’ rather than ‘social justice’. In attempt to fill this gap in scholarship, this paper examines land question within the theoretical prism of social justice theory. The paper analyses the concept of social justice; then, proceeded to the discussions, applications and critiques of Kurt Lewin’s three-model of social change, John Rawls’ theory of social justice and Nancy Frazer’s model of parity of participation to land question in post-apartheid South Africa.
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Références
Adams, M., B. Cousins., and S. Manona. 1999. Land Tenure and Economic Development in rural South Africa: Constraints and Opportunities (December 1999 ed.). London: Overseas Development Institute.
Aristotle, 2002. Nicomachean ethics (S. Broadie, C. Rowe [Eds] trans.). New York: Oxford University Press. (Original work published in 384-322BCE). https://doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00262114
Bicchieri, C., and H. Mercier. 2013. Self-Serving Biases and Public Justifications in Trust Games. Synthase, 190(5): 909–922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-012-0192-x
Boucher, D. and P. Kelly. 1998. Social Justice from Hume to Walzer. New York: Routledge.
Boudreaux, K. 2010. Land Reform as Social Justice: The Case of South Africa. Economic Affairs, 30(Issue 1): 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0270.2009.01967.x
Broadie, S. 2002. Philosophical Introduction. In: S. Broadie, & C. Rowe, (Eds), Aristotle, Nicomachean ethics: Translation, introduction and commentary(pp.9-91). New York: Oxford University Press.
Brockner, J., and B.M. Wiesenfeld. 1996. An Integrative Framework for Explaining Reactions to Decisions: Interactive effects of outcomes and procedures. Psychological Bulletin, 120: 189-208. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.120.2.189
Buchanan, D. A. and J. Storey. 1997. Role-Taking and Role-Switching in Organizational Change: The Four Pluralities. In: I. McLoughlin, & M. Harris, (Eds), Innovation, Organizational Change and Technology. London: International Thompson.
Burnes, B. 2004. Kurt Lewin and the Planned Approach to Change: A Re-Appraisal. Journal of Management Studies, 41(6): 977:1002. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2004.00463.x
Campbell, T. 2001. Justice (2nd edition). New York: St. Martin’s Press.
DAFF. (2012). Abstract of Agricultural Statistics. Pretoria, South Africa: Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.
Dawson, P. 1994. Organizational Change: A Processual Approach. London: Paul Chapman Publishing.
Fraser, N. 2007. Re-framing Justice in a Globalizing World. In T. Lovell (Ed.), (Mis)recognition, social Inequality and Social Justice (pp. 1-16). Abingdom: Routledge.
Hall, R. 2003. Evaluating Land and Agrarian Reform in South Africa. Occasional Paper Series. Cape Town: Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, School of Government, University of Western Cape.
Hall, R. 2004a. Land and Agrarian Reform in South Africa: A Status Report 2004. Cape Town, South Africa: School of Government, University of the Western Cape.
Hall, R. 2010c. Two Cycles of Land Policy in South Africa: Treating the Contours. In: W. Anseeuw & C. Alden (Eds), The Struggle Over Land in Africa: Conflicts, Politics & Change (Pp.175-192). Cape Town: HSRC Press.
Hayek, F.A. 1976. Law, Legislation and Liberty: The Mirage of Social Justice (Volume 2). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226321257.001.0001
Huczynski, A. and D. Buchanan. 2001. Organizational Behaviour (4th edition). Harlow: FT/Prentice Hall.
James, D. 2007. Gaining Ground? Rights and Property in South African Land Reform: Wits University Press.
Jost, J.T., and A.C. Kay. 2010. Social justice: History, theory, and research. In: S.T. Fiske, D. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology (5th edition, Vol. 2, pp. 1122-1165). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Kanter, R. M., B.A. Stein., and T.D. Jick. 1992. The Challenge of Organizational Change. New York: Free Press.
Khasu, M.J. 1996a. Communal Property Association Bill (Second reading debate). Cape Town, South Africa: Debates of the National Assembly, Hansard.
Konow, J. 2003. Which is the Fairest one of all? A Positive Analysis of Justice Theories. Journal of Economic Literature, 41: 1188-1239. https://doi.org/10.1257/002205103771800013
Letsaolo, E. 2013. Gender, Land and Economic Justice. Frank Talk, Issue 7: November (Page 4-7).
Lewin, K. 1943b. The Special Case of Germany. In: G.W. Lewin, (Ed.), Resolving social conflict. London: Harper & Row.
Lewin, K. 1947a. Frontiers in Group Dynamics. In: D. Cartwright, (Ed.), Field Theory in Social Science. London: Social Science Paperbacks.
Mackenzie, G.R. 2015. The Land belongs to those who work it: A Critical Evaluation of Land Redistribution Policy in South Africa (1994-2012). A PhD Thesis: University of Waikato, New Zealand.
Maclntyre, A. 1981. After Virtue. London: Duckworth.
Mansbridge, J. 2005. Cracking through Hegemonic Ideology: The Logic of Justice. Social Justice Research, 18:335-347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-005-6828-0
Marais, H. (2011). South Africa Pushed to the Limit: The Political Economy of Change. London: Zed Books.
Marrow, A. J. 1969. The Practical Theorist: The Life and Work of Kurt Lewin. New York: Teachers College Press.
Marx, K. 1973. Grundrisse. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Mayende, G. 2013. Biko and the Land Question. Frank Talk, Issue 7: November (Page 8-14).
McInerney, P. 2003. Renegotiating Schooling for Social Justice in an Age of Marketisation. Australian Journal of Education, 47(3), 251-264. https://doi.org/10.1177/000494410304700305
Miller, D. 1999. Principles of Social Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Muldoon, R. Lisciandra, C. Colyvan, M. Martini, C. Sillari, G. and Sprenger, J. 2013. Disagreement behind Veil of Ignorance. International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 170(3):377-394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-013-0225-4
Nozick, R. 1974. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Pfeffer, J. 1992. Managing with Power: Politics and Influence in Organizations. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Rawls, J. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674042605
Sandel, M. 1982. Liberalism and the Limits of Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sen, A. 2009. The Idea of Justice. Cambridge MA: Belknap Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674054578
Solomon, R.C. and M.C. Murphy. 2000. What is Justice? Classic and Contemporary Readings. New York: Oxford University Press.
Terreblanche, S. 2002. A History of Inequality in South Africa, 1652 – 2002. Natal: University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg.
Thibaut, J. and L. Walker. 1975. Procedural Justice. Hillsdale, N.J: Erlbaum.
Van den Bos, K. 2003. On the Subjective Quality of Social Justice: The Role of Affect as Information in the Psychology of Justice Judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85:482–498. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.3.482
Vegter, I.2011.Giniodicy.DailyMaverick.Retrievedfromhttp://dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2011-01-25-ginidiocy(Retrieved on: 17 November 2011)
Walker, L., E.A Lind., and J. Thibaut. 1979. The Relation between Procedural and Distributive Justice. Virginia Law Review, 65: 1401-1420. https://doi.org/10.2307/1072580
Walster, E. W. Walster and E. Berscheid. 1978. Equity: Theory and Research. Boston: Allyn Bacon.
Wegerif, M. 2004. A Critical Appraisal of South Africa’s Market-Based Land Reform Policy: The Case of the Land Redistribution for Agricultural Development (LRAD) Programme in Limpopo. Research Report No. 19, Cape Town: PLAAS.
Wilson, D. C. 1992. A Strategy of Change. London: Routledge.
Yanou, M. A. 2009. Dispossession and Access to Land in South Africa: An African Perspective. Bamenda, Cameroon: Langaa RPCIG.
Aristotle, 2002. Nicomachean ethics (S. Broadie, C. Rowe [Eds] trans.). New York: Oxford University Press. (Original work published in 384-322BCE). https://doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00262114
Bicchieri, C., and H. Mercier. 2013. Self-Serving Biases and Public Justifications in Trust Games. Synthase, 190(5): 909–922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-012-0192-x
Boucher, D. and P. Kelly. 1998. Social Justice from Hume to Walzer. New York: Routledge.
Boudreaux, K. 2010. Land Reform as Social Justice: The Case of South Africa. Economic Affairs, 30(Issue 1): 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0270.2009.01967.x
Broadie, S. 2002. Philosophical Introduction. In: S. Broadie, & C. Rowe, (Eds), Aristotle, Nicomachean ethics: Translation, introduction and commentary(pp.9-91). New York: Oxford University Press.
Brockner, J., and B.M. Wiesenfeld. 1996. An Integrative Framework for Explaining Reactions to Decisions: Interactive effects of outcomes and procedures. Psychological Bulletin, 120: 189-208. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.120.2.189
Buchanan, D. A. and J. Storey. 1997. Role-Taking and Role-Switching in Organizational Change: The Four Pluralities. In: I. McLoughlin, & M. Harris, (Eds), Innovation, Organizational Change and Technology. London: International Thompson.
Burnes, B. 2004. Kurt Lewin and the Planned Approach to Change: A Re-Appraisal. Journal of Management Studies, 41(6): 977:1002. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2004.00463.x
Campbell, T. 2001. Justice (2nd edition). New York: St. Martin’s Press.
DAFF. (2012). Abstract of Agricultural Statistics. Pretoria, South Africa: Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.
Dawson, P. 1994. Organizational Change: A Processual Approach. London: Paul Chapman Publishing.
Fraser, N. 2007. Re-framing Justice in a Globalizing World. In T. Lovell (Ed.), (Mis)recognition, social Inequality and Social Justice (pp. 1-16). Abingdom: Routledge.
Hall, R. 2003. Evaluating Land and Agrarian Reform in South Africa. Occasional Paper Series. Cape Town: Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, School of Government, University of Western Cape.
Hall, R. 2004a. Land and Agrarian Reform in South Africa: A Status Report 2004. Cape Town, South Africa: School of Government, University of the Western Cape.
Hall, R. 2010c. Two Cycles of Land Policy in South Africa: Treating the Contours. In: W. Anseeuw & C. Alden (Eds), The Struggle Over Land in Africa: Conflicts, Politics & Change (Pp.175-192). Cape Town: HSRC Press.
Hayek, F.A. 1976. Law, Legislation and Liberty: The Mirage of Social Justice (Volume 2). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226321257.001.0001
Huczynski, A. and D. Buchanan. 2001. Organizational Behaviour (4th edition). Harlow: FT/Prentice Hall.
James, D. 2007. Gaining Ground? Rights and Property in South African Land Reform: Wits University Press.
Jost, J.T., and A.C. Kay. 2010. Social justice: History, theory, and research. In: S.T. Fiske, D. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology (5th edition, Vol. 2, pp. 1122-1165). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Kanter, R. M., B.A. Stein., and T.D. Jick. 1992. The Challenge of Organizational Change. New York: Free Press.
Khasu, M.J. 1996a. Communal Property Association Bill (Second reading debate). Cape Town, South Africa: Debates of the National Assembly, Hansard.
Konow, J. 2003. Which is the Fairest one of all? A Positive Analysis of Justice Theories. Journal of Economic Literature, 41: 1188-1239. https://doi.org/10.1257/002205103771800013
Letsaolo, E. 2013. Gender, Land and Economic Justice. Frank Talk, Issue 7: November (Page 4-7).
Lewin, K. 1943b. The Special Case of Germany. In: G.W. Lewin, (Ed.), Resolving social conflict. London: Harper & Row.
Lewin, K. 1947a. Frontiers in Group Dynamics. In: D. Cartwright, (Ed.), Field Theory in Social Science. London: Social Science Paperbacks.
Mackenzie, G.R. 2015. The Land belongs to those who work it: A Critical Evaluation of Land Redistribution Policy in South Africa (1994-2012). A PhD Thesis: University of Waikato, New Zealand.
Maclntyre, A. 1981. After Virtue. London: Duckworth.
Mansbridge, J. 2005. Cracking through Hegemonic Ideology: The Logic of Justice. Social Justice Research, 18:335-347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-005-6828-0
Marais, H. (2011). South Africa Pushed to the Limit: The Political Economy of Change. London: Zed Books.
Marrow, A. J. 1969. The Practical Theorist: The Life and Work of Kurt Lewin. New York: Teachers College Press.
Marx, K. 1973. Grundrisse. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Mayende, G. 2013. Biko and the Land Question. Frank Talk, Issue 7: November (Page 8-14).
McInerney, P. 2003. Renegotiating Schooling for Social Justice in an Age of Marketisation. Australian Journal of Education, 47(3), 251-264. https://doi.org/10.1177/000494410304700305
Miller, D. 1999. Principles of Social Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Muldoon, R. Lisciandra, C. Colyvan, M. Martini, C. Sillari, G. and Sprenger, J. 2013. Disagreement behind Veil of Ignorance. International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 170(3):377-394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-013-0225-4
Nozick, R. 1974. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Pfeffer, J. 1992. Managing with Power: Politics and Influence in Organizations. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Rawls, J. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674042605
Sandel, M. 1982. Liberalism and the Limits of Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sen, A. 2009. The Idea of Justice. Cambridge MA: Belknap Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674054578
Solomon, R.C. and M.C. Murphy. 2000. What is Justice? Classic and Contemporary Readings. New York: Oxford University Press.
Terreblanche, S. 2002. A History of Inequality in South Africa, 1652 – 2002. Natal: University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg.
Thibaut, J. and L. Walker. 1975. Procedural Justice. Hillsdale, N.J: Erlbaum.
Van den Bos, K. 2003. On the Subjective Quality of Social Justice: The Role of Affect as Information in the Psychology of Justice Judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85:482–498. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.3.482
Vegter, I.2011.Giniodicy.DailyMaverick.Retrievedfromhttp://dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2011-01-25-ginidiocy(Retrieved on: 17 November 2011)
Walker, L., E.A Lind., and J. Thibaut. 1979. The Relation between Procedural and Distributive Justice. Virginia Law Review, 65: 1401-1420. https://doi.org/10.2307/1072580
Walster, E. W. Walster and E. Berscheid. 1978. Equity: Theory and Research. Boston: Allyn Bacon.
Wegerif, M. 2004. A Critical Appraisal of South Africa’s Market-Based Land Reform Policy: The Case of the Land Redistribution for Agricultural Development (LRAD) Programme in Limpopo. Research Report No. 19, Cape Town: PLAAS.
Wilson, D. C. 1992. A Strategy of Change. London: Routledge.
Yanou, M. A. 2009. Dispossession and Access to Land in South Africa: An African Perspective. Bamenda, Cameroon: Langaa RPCIG.
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Sep 2, 2024
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Land Question in Post-Apartheid South Africa: An Appraisal of Social Justice Theory. (2024). Revue Africaine De Science Politique, 12(1), 65-79. https://doi.org/10.36615/skhrfw68
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Land Question in Post-Apartheid South Africa: An Appraisal of Social Justice Theory. (2024). Revue Africaine De Science Politique, 12(1), 65-79. https://doi.org/10.36615/skhrfw68