Christian Kinship in Urban Christianity Case Study in Translation and Indigenous Agencyin the African Context
Main Article Content
Keywords
African, Christian kinship, indigenous agency, translation, urban Christianity
Abstract
Research on Pentecostalism, as an emerging religious form, has often focused on its role in the public life of modern Africa, rather than its interaction with socio-cultural categories. Drawing on extended ethnographic research in three Nairobi communities, this article contributes to filling this gap by focusing on kinship within Pentecostal studies. This interdisciplinary study integrates social sciences and world Christianity methodologies to examine this aspect of lived religion. The study found that the use of familial terms in Pentecostal churches underscores the role of local actors in grounding the Christian message in the lives of adherents. This language complements the lived experiences within these communities. Community leaders engage in a continuous translation process, adapting local visions of relational bonds to better articulate the Christian experience within their cosmopolitan context. These findings contribute to the body of knowledge on agency and vectors of Christian religious experience in the non-Western world.
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References
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———. 2013 [1964]. Arrow of God. Penguin.
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———. 2015. Sighs and Signs of the Spirit: Ghanaian Perspectives on Pentecostalism and Renewal in Africa. Wipf & Stock.
Ba, Sylvia Washington. 2015. The Concept of Negritude in the Poetry of Leopold Sedar Senghor: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400867134.
Badurdeen, Fathima. 2023. “Convergence of Cults and Religious Extremism: What Do We Learn from the Shakahola Mass Suicide Endeavor?” HORN International Institute for Strategic Studies.
Bangura, Yusuf. 1994. “The Search for Identity: Ethnicity, Religion and Political Violence.” Accessed November 21, 2025. UNRISD Occasional Paper: World Summit for Social Development. Ahttps://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/148780.
Barrett, David B. 1968. Schism and Renewal in Africa: An Analysis of Six Thousand Contemporary Religious Movements. Oxford University Press.
Chitando, Ezra. 2020. Politics and Religion in Zimbabwe. Routledge.
Chukwu, Donatus Oluwa. 2011. The Church as the Extended Family of God: Toward a New Direction for African Ecclesiology. Xlibris Corporation.
Dajwan, Longkat Daniel. 2021. “Socio-Political Roots of Conflicts in Africa: The Role of The Church in a Pluralistic Society.” Journal of African Studies and Sustainable Development : 77–100.
DeSilva, David A. 2022. Honor, Patronage, Kinship, and Purity: Unlocking New Testament Culture. InterVarsity Press.
Dickson, Kwesi A. 1977. Aspects of Religion and Life in Africa. Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Dube, Musa W., Senzokuhle D. Setume, Tirelo Modie-Moroka, et al. 2023. Ubuntu and Women: Building Community in Urban Areas. First edition. African Sun Media.
Dube, Musa W., Tirelo Modie-Moroka, Senzokuhle D. Setume, et al. 2016. “Botho/Ubuntu: Community Building and Gender Constructions in Botswana.” Journal of the Interdenominational Theological Center 42 (1): 22 pages.
Ezigbo, Victor I. 2021. The Art of Contextual Theology: Doing Theology in the Era of World Christianity. Wipf & Stock.
Getui, Mary, ed. 2005. Responsible Leadership in Marriage and Family. Acton Publishers.
Gibson, William. 1987. “Patterns of Nepotism and Kinship in the Eighteenth‐Century Church.” Journal of Religious History 14 (4): 382–89.
Gifford, Paul. 2004. Ghana’s New Christianity: Pentecostalism in a Globalising African Economy. Indiana University Press.
———. 2015. Christianity, Development and Modernity in Africa. C. Hurst & Co.
Guglielmi, Marco. 2022. “Sharpening the Identities of African Churches in Eastern Christianity: A Comparison of Entanglements between Religion and Ethnicity.” Religions 13 (11): 1019.
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Hailey, John. 2008. “Ubuntu: A Literature Review.” Paper prepared for the Tutu Foundation, London.
Haynes, Naomi. 2017. Moving by the Spirit: Pentecostal Social Life on the Zambian Copperbelt. 1st ed. University of California Press.
Hellerman, Joseph H. 2001. The Ancient Church as Family. Fortress Press.
Hunter, Emma. 2008. “Revisiting Ujamaa : Political Legitimacy and the Construction of Community in Post-Colonial Tanzania.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 2 (3): 471–85.
Ibsen, Charles A., and Patricia Klobus. 1972. “Fictive Kin Term Use and Social Relationships: Alternative Interpretations.” Journal of Marriage and Family 34 (4): 615–20.
Ikechukwu, Akpa Matthew. 2023. “A Critique of Julius Nyerere’s Theory of Ujamaa.” Journal of African Studies and Sustainable Development 6 (1): 47–58.
Irvin, Dale T. 2008. “World Christianity: An Introduction.” Journal of World Christianity 1 (1): 1–26.
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Jennings, Michael. 2017. “Ujamaa.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History.
Kaunda, Chammah J. 2023. The Paradox of Becoming: Pentecostalicity, Planetarity, and Africanity. 1st ed. Peter Lang.
Kaunda, Chammah J., and Sang-man Kim. 2022. “‘Samae Spirit’ Assist toward ‘Ubuntu Spirit’ Model for Rural Adult Christian Education in Zambia.” Religious Education 117 (1): 33–49.
Kenyatta, Jomo. 1938. Facing Mount Kenya – The Tribal Life of the Gikuyu. 1st ed. Secker & Warburg.
———. 1965. “African Socialism and African Unity.” In African Forum 1: 23–37.
Kiuna, Kathy. 2016. Transformed Woman. Jubilee Publishers.
MacDonald, Margaret Y. 2009. “Kinship and Family in the New Testament World.” In Understanding the Social World of the New Testament, edited by Neufeld, Dietmar, and Richard E. DeMaris. Routledge.
Mangaliso, Mzamo P. 2001. “Building Competitive Advantage from Ubuntu: Management Lessons from South Africa.” The Academy of Management Executive 15 (3): 23–33.
Marshall, Ruth. 2009. Political Spiritualities: The Pentecostal Revolution in Nigeria. 1st ed. University of Chicago Press.
Masci, David. 2015. “Christianity Poised to Continue Its Shift from Europe to Africa.” Pew Research Center, April 7. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2015/04/07/
christianity-is-poised-to-continue-its-southward-march/.
Mask, Russell P., and Benjamin P. Borger. 2008. “Churches Reaching the Very Poor with Savings-Led Microfinance in the Dominican Republic, Kenya, and the Philippines: Results of a Pilot Test.” Social Work & Christianity 35 (4): 473–92.
Mbigi, Lovemore. 1997. Ubuntu: The African Dream in Management. Knowledge Resources.
Mbiti, John S. 1970a. African Religions and Philosophy. Doubleday.
———. 1970b. Concepts of God in Africa. London: SPCK Publishing.
Mboya, Tom. 1963. “African Socialism.” Transition 8: 17–19.
Miller, Donald E., and Tetsunao Yamamori. 2007. Global Pentecostalism: The New Face of Christian Social Engagement. 1st ed. University of California Press.
Moi, Daniel T. Arap. 1986. Kenya African Nationalism Nyayo Philosophy and Principles. MacMillan.
Msila, Vuyisile. 2008. “Ubuntu and School Leadership.” Journal of Education 44: 67–84.
Mugambi, J.N.K, and Nicodemus Kirima. 1976. The African Religious Heritage. Oxford University Press.
Mugambi, Kyama M. 2020. A Spirit of Revitalization: Urban Pentecostalism in Kenya. Baylor University Press.
———. 2023a. “Student Movements and Spiritual Identity in the Growth of Pentecostalism in Kenya.” In The Pentecostal World, edited by Michael Wilkinson and Jörg Haustein. Routledge.
———. 2023b. “The Gospel beyond the West: The Sanneh–Walls Legacy and Emerging Conversation Partners in World Christianity Studies.” Studies in World Christianity 29 (2): 121–41.
Mwaura, Philomena Njeri. 1984. “The Akurinu Churches: A Study of the History and Some of the Basic Beliefs of the Holy Ghost Church of East Africa 1926-1980.” University of Nairobi.
Nelson, Margaret K. 2013. “Fictive Kin, Families We Choose, and Voluntary Kin: What Does the Discourse Tell Us?” Journal of Family Theory & Review 5 (4): 259–81.
Njaico, Eliseu Cosme Tito. 2022. “The Idea of Ujamaa in the Hermeneutics of the Sustainable Development Discourse: A Reconstruction of Nyerere’s Thought of Development from an African Perspective.” In Peace Studies for Sustainable Development in Africa, edited by Egon Spiegel, George Mutalemwa, Cheng Liu, and Lester R. Kurtz.
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———. 1987. “Ujamaa: The Basis of African Socialism.” The Journal of Pan African Studies 1 (1): 4–11.
Obadare, Ebenezer. 2018. Pentecostal Republic: Religion and the Struggle for State Power in Nigeria. Zed Books.
———. 2022. Pastoral Power, Clerical State: Pentecostalism, Gender, and Sexuality in Nigeria. University of Notre Dame Press.
Oduyoye, Mercy Amba. 2001. Introducing African Women’s Theology. A&C Black.
———. 2002. Beads and Strands: Reflections of an African Woman on Christianity in Africa. Regnum.
Ogude, James. 2019. Ubuntu and the Reconstitution of Community. Indiana University Press.
Öhlmann, Philipp, Marie-Luise Frost, and Wilhelm Gräb. 2016. “African Initiated Churches’ Potential as Development Actors.” HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 72 (4): 12 pages.
Omenyo, Cephas N. 2003. “Charismatization of the Mainline Churches in Ghana.” In Charismatic Renewal in Africa: A Challenge for African Christianity, edited by Mika Vahakangas and Andrew Kyomo. Acton Publishers.
P’Bitek, Okot. 1995. Song of Lawino and Song of Ocol. East African Publishers.
Penn, Michael. 2002. “Performing Family: Ritual Kissing and the Construction of Early Christian Kinship.” Journal of Early Christian Studies 10 (2): 151–74.
Pobee, John S. 1979. Toward an African Theology. Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon Press.
Premawardhana, Devaka. 2021. Faith in Flux: Pentecostalism and Mobility in Rural Mozambique. Contemporary Ethnography. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Read, Dwight W. 2015. “Kinship Terminology.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, edited by James D. Wright. 2nd ed. Elsevier.
Robert, Dana L. 2009. Christian Mission: How Christianity Became a World Religion. Wiley-Blackwell.
———. 2020. “Naming ‘World Christianity’: Historical and Personal Perspectives on the Yale-Edinburgh Conference in World Christianity and Mission History.” International Bulletin of Mission Research 44 (2): 111–28.
Samita, Zacharia Wanakacha. 2005. “Family and the Church in New Christian Religious Movements.” In Responsible Leadership in Marriage and Family, edited by Mary Getui. Acton Publishers.
Sanneh, Lamin. 2015. Translating the Message: The Missionary Impact on Culture. 42. Orbis Books.
Senghor, Léopold Sédar. 1971. “Problématique de La Négritude:” Présence Africaine N° 78 (2): 3–26. https://doi.org/10.3917/presa.078.0003.
———. 1998. “Negritude and African Socialism.” In The African Philosophy Reader: A Text with Readings, edited by Roux, A. P. J., and Pieter H. Coetzee. Routledge.
Stanley, Brian. 2009. The World Missionary Conference, Edinburgh 1910. Eerdmans Publishing.
Tanye, Gerald K. 2010. The Church-as-Family and Ethnocentrism in Sub-Saharan Africa. Tübinger Perspektiven zur Pastoraltheologie und Religionspädagogik 38. LIT.
Thiongʼo, Ngũgĩ wa. 2012 [1967]. A Grain of Wheat. Penguin.
———. 2015. The River Between. Penguin.
Tutu, Desmond. 1999. No Future without Forgiveness. Random House.
———. 2004. God Has a Dream: A Vision of Hope for Our Time. Doubleday.
Ukiwo, Ukoha. 2003. “Politics, Ethno-Religious Conflicts and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 41 (1): 115–38.
Voinov, Vitaly. 2004. “Observations on Old Testament Kinship Relations and Terminology.” The Bible Translator 55 (1): 108–19.
Walls, Andrew F. 1996. The Missionary Movement in Christian History: Studies in the Transmission of Faith. 1st ed. Orbis Books.
Wariboko, N. 2014. The Charismatic City and the Public Resurgence of Religion: A Pentecostal Social Ethics of Cosmopolitan Urban Life. Palgrave Macmillan.
Welbourn, Frederick Burkewood. 1961. East African Rebels: A Study of Some Independent African Churches. SCM Press.
Zurlo, Gina A., and Todd M. Johnson. 2019. World Christian Encyclopedia. 3rd ed. Edinburgh University Press.
———. 2013 [1964]. Arrow of God. Penguin.
Alfani, Guido, and Vincent Gourdon. 2012. “Spiritual Kinship and Godparenthood: An Introduction.” In Spiritual Kinship in Europe, 1500–1900, edited by Guido Alfani and Vincent Gourdon, 1–43. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230362703_1.
Anderson, Allan H. 2001. “Types and Butterflies: African Initiated Churches and European Typologies.” International Bulletin of Missionary Research 25 (3): 107.
Anyinefa, Koffi, and Grace E. An. 1996. “Hello and Goodbye to Négritude: Senghor, Dadié, Dongala, and America.” Research in African Literatures 27 (2): 51–69.
Asamoah-Gyadu, J. Kwabena. 2004. African Charismatics: Current Developments Within Independent Indigenous Pentecostalism in Ghana. Brill.
———. 2015. Sighs and Signs of the Spirit: Ghanaian Perspectives on Pentecostalism and Renewal in Africa. Wipf & Stock.
Ba, Sylvia Washington. 2015. The Concept of Negritude in the Poetry of Leopold Sedar Senghor: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400867134.
Badurdeen, Fathima. 2023. “Convergence of Cults and Religious Extremism: What Do We Learn from the Shakahola Mass Suicide Endeavor?” HORN International Institute for Strategic Studies.
Bangura, Yusuf. 1994. “The Search for Identity: Ethnicity, Religion and Political Violence.” Accessed November 21, 2025. UNRISD Occasional Paper: World Summit for Social Development. Ahttps://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/148780.
Barrett, David B. 1968. Schism and Renewal in Africa: An Analysis of Six Thousand Contemporary Religious Movements. Oxford University Press.
Chitando, Ezra. 2020. Politics and Religion in Zimbabwe. Routledge.
Chukwu, Donatus Oluwa. 2011. The Church as the Extended Family of God: Toward a New Direction for African Ecclesiology. Xlibris Corporation.
Dajwan, Longkat Daniel. 2021. “Socio-Political Roots of Conflicts in Africa: The Role of The Church in a Pluralistic Society.” Journal of African Studies and Sustainable Development : 77–100.
DeSilva, David A. 2022. Honor, Patronage, Kinship, and Purity: Unlocking New Testament Culture. InterVarsity Press.
Dickson, Kwesi A. 1977. Aspects of Religion and Life in Africa. Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Dube, Musa W., Senzokuhle D. Setume, Tirelo Modie-Moroka, et al. 2023. Ubuntu and Women: Building Community in Urban Areas. First edition. African Sun Media.
Dube, Musa W., Tirelo Modie-Moroka, Senzokuhle D. Setume, et al. 2016. “Botho/Ubuntu: Community Building and Gender Constructions in Botswana.” Journal of the Interdenominational Theological Center 42 (1): 22 pages.
Ezigbo, Victor I. 2021. The Art of Contextual Theology: Doing Theology in the Era of World Christianity. Wipf & Stock.
Getui, Mary, ed. 2005. Responsible Leadership in Marriage and Family. Acton Publishers.
Gibson, William. 1987. “Patterns of Nepotism and Kinship in the Eighteenth‐Century Church.” Journal of Religious History 14 (4): 382–89.
Gifford, Paul. 2004. Ghana’s New Christianity: Pentecostalism in a Globalising African Economy. Indiana University Press.
———. 2015. Christianity, Development and Modernity in Africa. C. Hurst & Co.
Guglielmi, Marco. 2022. “Sharpening the Identities of African Churches in Eastern Christianity: A Comparison of Entanglements between Religion and Ethnicity.” Religions 13 (11): 1019.
Hahn, Scott Walker. 1995. Kinship by Covenant: A Biblical Theological Study of Covenant Types and Texts in the Old and New Testaments. Marquette University.
Hailey, John. 2008. “Ubuntu: A Literature Review.” Paper prepared for the Tutu Foundation, London.
Haynes, Naomi. 2017. Moving by the Spirit: Pentecostal Social Life on the Zambian Copperbelt. 1st ed. University of California Press.
Hellerman, Joseph H. 2001. The Ancient Church as Family. Fortress Press.
Hunter, Emma. 2008. “Revisiting Ujamaa : Political Legitimacy and the Construction of Community in Post-Colonial Tanzania.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 2 (3): 471–85.
Ibsen, Charles A., and Patricia Klobus. 1972. “Fictive Kin Term Use and Social Relationships: Alternative Interpretations.” Journal of Marriage and Family 34 (4): 615–20.
Ikechukwu, Akpa Matthew. 2023. “A Critique of Julius Nyerere’s Theory of Ujamaa.” Journal of African Studies and Sustainable Development 6 (1): 47–58.
Irvin, Dale T. 2008. “World Christianity: An Introduction.” Journal of World Christianity 1 (1): 1–26.
Irving, Margaret. 2005. Informal Savings Groups in South Africa: Investing in Social Capital. https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/19387.
Jackson, Anne, and Teresia Wairimu Kinyanjui. 2011. A Cactus in the Desert: An Autobiography of Reverend Teresa Wairimu Kinyanjui. 1st ed. Revival Springs Media.
Jennings, Michael. 2017. “Ujamaa.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History.
Kaunda, Chammah J. 2023. The Paradox of Becoming: Pentecostalicity, Planetarity, and Africanity. 1st ed. Peter Lang.
Kaunda, Chammah J., and Sang-man Kim. 2022. “‘Samae Spirit’ Assist toward ‘Ubuntu Spirit’ Model for Rural Adult Christian Education in Zambia.” Religious Education 117 (1): 33–49.
Kenyatta, Jomo. 1938. Facing Mount Kenya – The Tribal Life of the Gikuyu. 1st ed. Secker & Warburg.
———. 1965. “African Socialism and African Unity.” In African Forum 1: 23–37.
Kiuna, Kathy. 2016. Transformed Woman. Jubilee Publishers.
MacDonald, Margaret Y. 2009. “Kinship and Family in the New Testament World.” In Understanding the Social World of the New Testament, edited by Neufeld, Dietmar, and Richard E. DeMaris. Routledge.
Mangaliso, Mzamo P. 2001. “Building Competitive Advantage from Ubuntu: Management Lessons from South Africa.” The Academy of Management Executive 15 (3): 23–33.
Marshall, Ruth. 2009. Political Spiritualities: The Pentecostal Revolution in Nigeria. 1st ed. University of Chicago Press.
Masci, David. 2015. “Christianity Poised to Continue Its Shift from Europe to Africa.” Pew Research Center, April 7. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2015/04/07/
christianity-is-poised-to-continue-its-southward-march/.
Mask, Russell P., and Benjamin P. Borger. 2008. “Churches Reaching the Very Poor with Savings-Led Microfinance in the Dominican Republic, Kenya, and the Philippines: Results of a Pilot Test.” Social Work & Christianity 35 (4): 473–92.
Mbigi, Lovemore. 1997. Ubuntu: The African Dream in Management. Knowledge Resources.
Mbiti, John S. 1970a. African Religions and Philosophy. Doubleday.
———. 1970b. Concepts of God in Africa. London: SPCK Publishing.
Mboya, Tom. 1963. “African Socialism.” Transition 8: 17–19.
Miller, Donald E., and Tetsunao Yamamori. 2007. Global Pentecostalism: The New Face of Christian Social Engagement. 1st ed. University of California Press.
Moi, Daniel T. Arap. 1986. Kenya African Nationalism Nyayo Philosophy and Principles. MacMillan.
Msila, Vuyisile. 2008. “Ubuntu and School Leadership.” Journal of Education 44: 67–84.
Mugambi, J.N.K, and Nicodemus Kirima. 1976. The African Religious Heritage. Oxford University Press.
Mugambi, Kyama M. 2020. A Spirit of Revitalization: Urban Pentecostalism in Kenya. Baylor University Press.
———. 2023a. “Student Movements and Spiritual Identity in the Growth of Pentecostalism in Kenya.” In The Pentecostal World, edited by Michael Wilkinson and Jörg Haustein. Routledge.
———. 2023b. “The Gospel beyond the West: The Sanneh–Walls Legacy and Emerging Conversation Partners in World Christianity Studies.” Studies in World Christianity 29 (2): 121–41.
Mwaura, Philomena Njeri. 1984. “The Akurinu Churches: A Study of the History and Some of the Basic Beliefs of the Holy Ghost Church of East Africa 1926-1980.” University of Nairobi.
Nelson, Margaret K. 2013. “Fictive Kin, Families We Choose, and Voluntary Kin: What Does the Discourse Tell Us?” Journal of Family Theory & Review 5 (4): 259–81.
Njaico, Eliseu Cosme Tito. 2022. “The Idea of Ujamaa in the Hermeneutics of the Sustainable Development Discourse: A Reconstruction of Nyerere’s Thought of Development from an African Perspective.” In Peace Studies for Sustainable Development in Africa, edited by Egon Spiegel, George Mutalemwa, Cheng Liu, and Lester R. Kurtz.
Nkongolo, Godfrey. 2016. “UJAMAA: A Gift from Tanzania to Africa A Critique of Current Social and Political Systems in African and Ujamaa as an Alternative.” Master Thesis, Institute for Christian Studies.
Nyerere, Julius K. 1968. Ujamaa – Articles on Socialism. Oxford University Press.
———. 1987. “Ujamaa: The Basis of African Socialism.” The Journal of Pan African Studies 1 (1): 4–11.
Obadare, Ebenezer. 2018. Pentecostal Republic: Religion and the Struggle for State Power in Nigeria. Zed Books.
———. 2022. Pastoral Power, Clerical State: Pentecostalism, Gender, and Sexuality in Nigeria. University of Notre Dame Press.
Oduyoye, Mercy Amba. 2001. Introducing African Women’s Theology. A&C Black.
———. 2002. Beads and Strands: Reflections of an African Woman on Christianity in Africa. Regnum.
Ogude, James. 2019. Ubuntu and the Reconstitution of Community. Indiana University Press.
Öhlmann, Philipp, Marie-Luise Frost, and Wilhelm Gräb. 2016. “African Initiated Churches’ Potential as Development Actors.” HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 72 (4): 12 pages.
Omenyo, Cephas N. 2003. “Charismatization of the Mainline Churches in Ghana.” In Charismatic Renewal in Africa: A Challenge for African Christianity, edited by Mika Vahakangas and Andrew Kyomo. Acton Publishers.
P’Bitek, Okot. 1995. Song of Lawino and Song of Ocol. East African Publishers.
Penn, Michael. 2002. “Performing Family: Ritual Kissing and the Construction of Early Christian Kinship.” Journal of Early Christian Studies 10 (2): 151–74.
Pobee, John S. 1979. Toward an African Theology. Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon Press.
Premawardhana, Devaka. 2021. Faith in Flux: Pentecostalism and Mobility in Rural Mozambique. Contemporary Ethnography. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Read, Dwight W. 2015. “Kinship Terminology.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, edited by James D. Wright. 2nd ed. Elsevier.
Robert, Dana L. 2009. Christian Mission: How Christianity Became a World Religion. Wiley-Blackwell.
———. 2020. “Naming ‘World Christianity’: Historical and Personal Perspectives on the Yale-Edinburgh Conference in World Christianity and Mission History.” International Bulletin of Mission Research 44 (2): 111–28.
Samita, Zacharia Wanakacha. 2005. “Family and the Church in New Christian Religious Movements.” In Responsible Leadership in Marriage and Family, edited by Mary Getui. Acton Publishers.
Sanneh, Lamin. 2015. Translating the Message: The Missionary Impact on Culture. 42. Orbis Books.
Senghor, Léopold Sédar. 1971. “Problématique de La Négritude:” Présence Africaine N° 78 (2): 3–26. https://doi.org/10.3917/presa.078.0003.
———. 1998. “Negritude and African Socialism.” In The African Philosophy Reader: A Text with Readings, edited by Roux, A. P. J., and Pieter H. Coetzee. Routledge.
Stanley, Brian. 2009. The World Missionary Conference, Edinburgh 1910. Eerdmans Publishing.
Tanye, Gerald K. 2010. The Church-as-Family and Ethnocentrism in Sub-Saharan Africa. Tübinger Perspektiven zur Pastoraltheologie und Religionspädagogik 38. LIT.
Thiongʼo, Ngũgĩ wa. 2012 [1967]. A Grain of Wheat. Penguin.
———. 2015. The River Between. Penguin.
Tutu, Desmond. 1999. No Future without Forgiveness. Random House.
———. 2004. God Has a Dream: A Vision of Hope for Our Time. Doubleday.
Ukiwo, Ukoha. 2003. “Politics, Ethno-Religious Conflicts and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 41 (1): 115–38.
Voinov, Vitaly. 2004. “Observations on Old Testament Kinship Relations and Terminology.” The Bible Translator 55 (1): 108–19.
Walls, Andrew F. 1996. The Missionary Movement in Christian History: Studies in the Transmission of Faith. 1st ed. Orbis Books.
Wariboko, N. 2014. The Charismatic City and the Public Resurgence of Religion: A Pentecostal Social Ethics of Cosmopolitan Urban Life. Palgrave Macmillan.
Welbourn, Frederick Burkewood. 1961. East African Rebels: A Study of Some Independent African Churches. SCM Press.
Zurlo, Gina A., and Todd M. Johnson. 2019. World Christian Encyclopedia. 3rd ed. Edinburgh University Press.
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Dec 3, 2025
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Christian Kinship in Urban Christianity: Case Study in Translation and Indigenous Agencyin the African Context. (2025). Utambuzi: Journal for the Study of the Religions of Africa and Its Diaspora, 8(2), 45-60. https://doi.org/10.36615/m33gtq19
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How to Cite
Christian Kinship in Urban Christianity: Case Study in Translation and Indigenous Agencyin the African Context. (2025). Utambuzi: Journal for the Study of the Religions of Africa and Its Diaspora, 8(2), 45-60. https://doi.org/10.36615/m33gtq19
