Conflict and Violence at the Crossroad of Religion and ‘New’ Media Periscoping Faith-based Crisis through the Eyes of Camera in the Sharia-age of Northern Nigeria
Main Article Content
Keywords
Religion, Movies, Sharia, Censorship, Conflict, Violence
Abstract
Recent engagement in local cinema production by northern Nigerian Muslims (Kannywood) elicited numerous religious disapproval from Islamists and a section of ʾulamāʾ leading to contestations, and even persecutions, especially after the Sharia reintroduction in the year 2000. This article discusses the role of religious and media actors in a structural violence context. It elucidates on how the stance of Islamists on Kannywood, which is pervasive among youths, reproduces factors and actors in the region’s history of intolerance, physical conflicts and ‘structural’ violence. This new media forms of religious conflict and violence accentuates the role played by the intersection of religion and ‘new’ media in conflicts and violence. It analyses how youth engagement in the movie industry and the interference of Islamists provoke new and reignite old modes of religious tensions. The data used was collected during a 12-month period of ethnographic research in northern Nigeria between 2014 and 2016 which was part of a Doctoral programme.
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References
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Hjarvard, Stig. 2008. "The Mediatisation of Religion: A Theory of the Media as Agents of Religious Change." A Northern Lights- English language Edition 6 (1): 9-26. https://doi.org/10.1386/nl.6.1.9_1
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Ben Amara, Ramzi. 2013. The Izala Movement in Nigeria: Its Split, Relationship to Sufis and Perception of Sharīʿa Re-Implementation. Bayreuth: University of Bayreuth.
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Cultural%20Studies%20(MMC)-1.pdf. Accessed April 22, 2016.
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Hirschkind, Charles and Engelke, Matthew. 2011. "Media, Mediation, Religion." Social Anthropology/Anthropologie Sociale: European Association of Social Anthropologists 19 (1): 90- 102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8676.2010.00140_1.x
Hirschkind, Charles, and Brian Larkin. Fall 2008. "Introduction: Media and the Political Forms of Religion." Social Text 96 Vol. 26, No. 3 Fall 2008: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-2000-001
Hjarvard, Stig. 2008. "The Mediatisation of Religion: A Theory of the Media as Agents of Religious Change." A Northern Lights- English language Edition 6 (1): 9-26. https://doi.org/10.1386/nl.6.1.9_1
Hoover, Stewart M. 1997a. "Introduction: The Cultural Construction of Religion in the Media Age." In Rethinking Media, Religion, And Culture, by Stewart M. Hoover and Clark Lynn Schofield: 14-19. California: Sage Publications.
Hoover, Stewart M. 1997b. "Media and the Construction of the Religious Public Sphere." In Rethinking Media, Religion, And Culture, by Stewart M. Hoover and Lundby Knut: 283-297. California: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452243559.n17
Hoover, Stewart M. 2008. "Media Change and Religious Change; Religious Authority and Media Authority; The Religious "Marketplace"; "Religious" and "Secular" Media; The Culturalist Turn in Media Studies: Audiences in Context; Religion, Spirituality, and the "Common Culture..." In Key Words in Religion, Media and Culture, by David Morgan. New York: Routledge: 48-60.
-. 2006. Religion in the Media Age. New York: Routledge.
Hoover, Stewart M. and Lundby, Knut. 1997. Rethinking Media, Religion, and Culture. California: Sage Publications.https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452243559
Horsfield, Peter. 2008. "Media as Culture; Media as Industries; Media as Text; Media as Technologies." In Key Words in Religion, Media and Culture, by David Morgan. New York: Routledge: 111-139.
Ibrahim, Musa. 2013. "Media, Religion, and Public Spheres in Contemporary West Africa: Islamic Radio and Television Programming in Ghana." MA Dissertation. University of Cape Town, South Africa.
-. 2016. "New Directions in Nigerian Cinema: Kannywood and Religious Censorship." Unpublished.
Jibril, Umar Faruk. 2004'. "Small Technologies: The Changing Trends in Hausa Home Videos." In Hausa Home Videos: Technology, Economy and Society, by Abdalla Uba Adamu, Yusuf M Adamu and Umar Faruk Jibril. Kano: Gidan Dabino Publishers: 66-82.
Kane, Ousmane. 1994. Izala: The Rise of Muslim Reformism in Northern Nigeria. Vol. Vol. 4 of Series, in Accounting for Fundamentalisms: The Dynamic Character of Movements, by E Marty Martin and R Scott Appleby. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 488-510.
Krings, Matthias. 2015. African appropriations: Cultural Difference, Mimesis and Media. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Krings, Matthias. Summer, 2008. "Conversion on Screen: A Glimpse at Popular Islamic Imaginations in Northern Nigeria." Africa Today: Performing Islamic Revival in Africa Vol. 54 (4): 45-68. https://doi.org/10.2979/AFT.2008.54.4.44
Krings, Matthias. 2005. "Muslim Martyrs and Pagan Vampires: Popular Video Films and the Propagation of Religion in Northern Nigeria." Postscripts (Equinox Publishing Ltd 2005, Unit 6, The Village, 101 Amies Street, London SW11 2JW ) (1.2/1.3 ): 183-205.https://doi.org/10.1558/post.v1i2_3.183
Laremont, Ricardo, and Hrach Gregorian. 2006. "Political Islam in West Africa and the Sahel." Military Review : 27-36. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=461433. Accessed April 11, 2017.
Larkin, Brian. 2004. "From Majigi to Hausa Video Films: Cinema and Society in Northern Nigeria." In Hausa Home Videos: Technology, Economy and Society,, by Abdalla Uba Adamu, Yusuf M Adamu and Umar Faruk Jibril. Kano: Gidan Dabino Publishers: 46-53.
Larkin, Brian. 2009. "Islamic Renewal, Radio, and the surface of Things." In Aesthetic Formations: Media, Religion and the Senses, by Birgit Meyer. Palgrave: Macmillan: 117-137. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230623248_6
-. 2008. Signal and Noise: Media, Infrastructure, and Urban Culture in Nigeria. Duke University Press.
Larkin, Brian. 2002. "The Materialty of Cinema Theaters in Northern Nigeria." In Media worlds: Anthropology on a New Terrain, by Faye Ginsburg, Lila Abou-Lughod and Brian Larkin. Berkeley: University of California.
Loimeier, Roman. 1997a. Islamic Reform and Political Change in Northern Nigeria. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
Loimeir, Roman. 1997b. "Islamic Reform and Political Change: The Example of Abubakar Gummi and 'Yan Izala Movement in Northern Nigeria." In African Islam and Islam in Africa: Encounters Between Sufis and Islamists, by E E Rosander and D Westerlund. London: Hurst & Company: 286-307.
Martin-Barbero, Jesus. 1997. "Mass Media as a Site of Resacralization of Contemporary Cultures." In Rethinking Media, Religion, and Culture, by Stewart M. Hoover and Lundby, Knut Hoover. California: Sage Publications: 102-116.https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452243559.n6
Mazzarella, William. 2004. "Culture, Globalization, Mediation." Annual Review of Anthropology 33: 345-367.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143809
Mazzarella, William. 2009. "Making Sense of the Cinema in Late Colonial India." In Censorship in South Asia: Cultural Regulation from Sedition to Seduction, by Raminder Kaur and William Mazzarella. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press: 63-86.
McCain, Carmen. 2009 Spring. "A growing Hausa Film Industry under Fire." WARA newsletter 20. Accessed 19 July 2016.
McCain, Carmen. 2013. "Nollywood, Kannywood, and a Decade of Hausa Film Censorship in Nigeria." In Film Censorship around the World, by R. Van de Winkel D. Bilteryst. New York, Palgrave: Macmillan: 223-240. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137061980_14
McCormack, David. 2005. "An African Vortex: Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa." Occasional Papers Series.
McLuhan, Marshall. 1964. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. Accessed November 15, 2016. http://web.mit.edu/allanmc/www/mcluhan.mediummessage.pdf.
McLuhan, Marshall, and Quentin Fiore. 1967. The Medium is the Massage: An Inventory of Effects. Penguin Books. Accessed September 07, 2016. https://ia802302.us.archive.org/28/items/pdfy-vNiFct6b-L5ucJEa/Marshall%20McLuhan%20%20The%20Medium%20is%20The%20Massage.pdf.
Meyer, Birgit. 2009. Aesthetic Formations: Media, Religion and the Senses. Palgrave: Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230623248
Meyer, Birgit. 2006. "Impossible Representations: Pentecostalism, Vision, and Video
Technology in Ghana." In Religion, Media, and the Public Sphere, by Birgit and Moors, Annelies Meyer. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 290-312.
-. 2015. Sensational Movies: Video, Vision, and Christianity in Ghana. California: University of California Printing Press.
Miles, William F. S. 2003. "Shari'a as De-Africanization: Evidence from Hausaland." Africa Today 50 (1): 51-75.https://doi.org/10.1353/at.2003.0061
Morgan, David. 2008. "Religion, media, culture: the shape of the field." In Key Words in Religion, Media and Culture, by David. "Religion, media, culture: the shape of the field," in Key Morgan, David Morgan. New York: Routledge: 1-19.https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203894071
Omer, Atalia, R Scott Appleby, and Little David (eds). 2015. The Oxford Handbook of Religion, Conflict, and Peacebuilding. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199731640.001.0001
Pinney, Christopher. 2009. "Latrogenic Religion and Politics." In Censorship in South Asia: Cultural Regulation from Sedition to Seduction, by Raminder Kaur and William Mazzarella. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press: 29-62.
Rowler, Matthew. 2015. "How Should We Respond to Religious Violence? Fifteen Ways To Critique Our Own Thoughts." Ethics in Brief 21 (2): 1-8.
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Sep 30, 2024
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Conflict and Violence at the Crossroad of Religion and ‘New’ Media: Periscoping Faith-based Crisis through the Eyes of Camera in the Sharia-age of Northern Nigeria. (2024). Utambuzi: Journal for the Study of the Religions of Africa and Its Diaspora, 3(1), 91-109. https://doi.org/10.36615/mthzkg79
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How to Cite
Conflict and Violence at the Crossroad of Religion and ‘New’ Media: Periscoping Faith-based Crisis through the Eyes of Camera in the Sharia-age of Northern Nigeria. (2024). Utambuzi: Journal for the Study of the Religions of Africa and Its Diaspora, 3(1), 91-109. https://doi.org/10.36615/mthzkg79