“Blackboxing Whiteness”: A study of the networked home in middle-class South Africa

A study of the networked home in middle-class South Africa

Share:

How to Cite

“Blackboxing Whiteness”: A study of the networked home in middle-class South Africa. (2022). Communicare: Journal for Communication Studies in Africa, 37(2), 107-126. https://doi.org/10.36615/jcsa.v37i2.1558
  • Articles
  • Submited: October 10, 2022
  • Published: October 11, 2022

Abstract

This paper examines the home as networked and relational. These arrangements of space
and place were investigated through a digital ethnography and critical discourse analysis of
domestically focused posts by 50 Facebook users. This data was supplemented by interviews,
and in-situ observations drawn from the broader sample. Facebook has opened up the private
space of the home, allowing domestic space, place, and practice to gain visibility, which, when
analysed in conjunction with Actor-Network Theory (ANT), illustrates the networked and relational
quality of the home. The home, and the relationships between actants, reflects discourses
and hierarchy. Women remain tightly bound to the home, and to postfeminist discourses of
domesticity and domestopia. This paper reveals that whiteness, and in particular madamhood,
is blackboxed within middle-class homes. Domestic workers employed by these households,
on the other hand, were largely absent from such narratives and conversations, and were
marginalised within networks.

References

  1. Ally, S. (2011). From servants to workers: South African domestic workers and the democratic state. New York: Cornell University Press.
  2. Attfield, J. (2002). Moving home: changing attitudes to residence and identity. The Journal of Architecture. 7(3):249-262.
  3. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602360210155447
  4. Bech-Danielsen, C. (2012). The kitchen: An architectural mirror of everyday life and societal development. Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 6(4):457-469.
  5. https://doi.org/10.17265/1934-7359/2012.04.006
  6. Brekhus, W. (1998). A sociology of the unmarked: Redirecting our focus. Sociological Theory, 16(1): 34-51.
  7. https://doi.org/10.1111/0735-2751.00041
  8. BusinessTech (2015, June 30). This is how many domestic workers South Africa has. Available from: https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/91930/here-is-how-many-domestic-workerssouth-africa-has/
  9. BusinessTech. (2016, July 19). This is how many domestic workers in South Africa have lost their jobs in 2016. Available from: https://businesstech.co.za/news/finance/130654/this-is-howmany-domestic-workers-in-south-africa-have-lost-their-jobs-in-2016/
  10. Callaway, B. (1987). Muslim Hausa women in Nigeria: Tradition and change. New York: Syracuse University Press.
  11. Callon, M. (1986). The sociology of an actor-network: The case of the electric vehicle. In M. Callon, J. Law, & A. Rip (eds.). Mapping the dynamics of science and technology. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
  12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07408-2
  13. Callon, M. (1992). The dynamics of techno-economic networks. In R. Coombs, P. Saviotti, & V. Walsh (eds.). Technological change and company strategies: Economic and sociological perspectives. London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
  14. Cock, J. (1980). Maids & madams: A study in the politics of exploitation. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.
  15. Cock, J. (1981). Disposable nannies: Domestic servants in the political economy of South Africa. Review of African Political Economy, 8(21):63-83.
  16. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056248108703467
  17. Creswell, J.W. & Clark, V.L.P. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  18. Di Gregorio, M. (2012). Networking in environmental movement organisation coalitions: interest, values or discourse?. Environmental Politics, 21(1):1-25.
  19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2011.643366
  20. Dolgopolov, G. (2003). Doing your block: TV's guide to lifestyle renovation. Metro Magazine, 138: 140-144.
  21. Doolin, B. & Lowe, A. (2002). To reveal is to critique: actor-network theory and critical information systems research. Journal of Information Technology, 17(2):69-78.
  22. https://doi.org/10.1080/02683960210145986
  23. Felski, R. (2000). Doing time: Feminist theory and postmodern culture. New York: New York University Press.
  24. Ferber, A.L. (1998). Constructing whiteness: The intersections of race and gender in US white supremacist discourse. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 21(1):48-63.
  25. https://doi.org/10.1080/014198798330098
  26. Frankenberg, R. (1993). White women, race matters. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  27. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203973431
  28. Frankenberg, R. (1997). Displacing whiteness: Essays in social and cultural criticism. North Carolina: Duke University Press.
  29. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1220r19
  30. Gaitskell, D., Kimble, J., Maconachie, M. & Unterhalter, E. (1984). Class, race and gender: Domestic workers in South Africa. Review of African Political Economy, 10(27-28):86-108.
  31. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056248308703548
  32. Geertz, C. (1998). Deep hanging out. New York Review of Books, 45(16):69-72.
  33. Gill, R. (2007). Postfeminist media culture: Elements of a sensibility. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 10(2):147-166.
  34. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549407075898
  35. Gillis, S. & Hollows, J. (eds.). (2009). Feminism, domesticity and popular culture. London: Routledge.
  36. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203889633
  37. Graham, S. (1998). The end of geography or the explosion of place? Conceptualizing space, place and information technology. Progress in Human Geography, 22(2):165-185.
  38. https://doi.org/10.1191/030913298671334137
  39. Hansen, K.T. (ed.). (1992). African encounters with domesticity. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
  40. Heron, B. (2007). Desire for development: Whiteness, gender, and the helping imperative. Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
  41. Hollows, J. (2000). Feminism, femininity and popular culture. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  42. Hollows, J. (2003). Feeling like a domestic goddess: Postfeminism and cooking. The European Journal of Cultural Studies, 6(2):179-202.
  43. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549403006002003
  44. Hollows, J. (2006). Can I go home yet? Feminism, post-feminism and domesticity. In J. Hollows, & R. Moseley (eds.). Feminism in popular culture. New York: Berg.
  45. Hollows, J. & Moseley, R. (eds.). (2006). Feminism in popular culture. New York: Berg.
  46. Hollows, J. (2007). The feminist and the cook: Julia Child, Betty Friedan and domestic femininity. In E. Casey, E. & Martens (eds.). Gender and consumption: Domestic cultures and commercialisation of everyday life. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.
  47. Huggett, F. E. (1977). Life below stairs: domestic servants in England from Victorian times (Vol. 1977). New York: Scribner.
  48. Jurgenson, N. (2012). When atoms meet bits: Social media, the mobile web and augmented revolution. Future Internet, 4(1): 83-
  49. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi4010083
  50. Kaplan, A. (1998). Manifest domesticity. American Literature, 70(3):581-606.
  51. https://doi.org/10.2307/2902710
  52. Knights, D. & Murray, F. (1994). Managers divided: Organisation politics and information technology management. Chichester: Wiley.
  53. Kruger, C. (2016). (Dis)empowered whiteness: Un-whitely spaces and the production of the good white home. Anthropology Southern Africa, 39(1):46-57.
  54. https://doi.org/10.1080/23323256.2016.1157026
  55. Latour, B. (1987). Science in action: how to follow engineers and scientists around society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  56. Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory. New York: Oxford University Press.
  57. Law, J. (1992). Notes on the theory of the actor-network: Ordering, strategy, and heterogeneity. Systems Practice, 5(4):379-393.
  58. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01059830
  59. Law, J. (1994). Organizing modernity. Oxford: Blackwell.
  60. Law, J. (1999). After ANT: complexity, naming and topology. The Sociological Review, 47(S1):1-14.
  61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1999.tb03479.x
  62. Law, J. (2004). After method: Mess in social science research. London: Routledge.
  63. Law, J. (2009). Actor network theory and material semiotics. The new Blackwell companion to social theory, 3:141-158.
  64. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444304992.ch7
  65. Marwick, A. E. & Boyd, d. (2011). I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society, 13(1):114-133.
  66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810365313
  67. Matchar, E. (2013). Homeward Bound: Why women are embracing the new domesticity. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  68. Marks, S & Unterhalter, E. (1978). Women and the Migrant Labour System in Southern Africa. Paper presented at the Economic Commission for Africa Conference on Migratory Labour in Southern Africa.
  69. McKeon, M. (2005). The secret history of domesticity: Public, private and the division of knowledge. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  70. McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L. & Cook, J.M. (2001). Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 415-444.
  71. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415
  72. McRobbie, A. (2004). Post feminism and popular culture. Feminist Media Studies, (4)3: 255-264.
  73. https://doi.org/10.1080/1468077042000309937
  74. Nader, L. (1972). Up the anthropologist - Perspectives gained from studying up. In D. Hymes (ed.). Reinventing anthropology New York: Pantheon Books.
  75. Nakayama, T.K. & Krizek, R.L. (1995). Whiteness: A strategic rhetoric. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 81(3):291-309.
  76. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335639509384117
  77. Nuttall, S. (2001). Subjectivities of whiteness. African Studies Review, 44(2):115-140.
  78. https://doi.org/10.2307/525577
  79. Nyamnjoh, F.B. (2005). Madams and maids in Southern Africa: Coping with uncertainties, and the art of mutual zombification. Africa Spectrum, 40(2):181-196.
  80. Riggs, D. & Selby, J. (2003). Setting the seen: Whiteness as unmarked category in psychologists' writings on race in Australia. Melbourne Australian Psychological Society. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228987618_Setting_the_seen_Whiteness_as_unmarked_category_in_psychologists'_writings_on_race_in_Australia
  81. SAARF (2015). AMPS Individual June '14-June '15: Number of Domestic Workers in Households According to Population Group. South Africa: SAARF.
  82. Schmidt, E. (1992). Race, sex, and domestic labor: The question of African female servants in Southern Rhodesia, 1900-1939. In K.T. Hansen (ed.). African Encounters with Domesticity. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
  83. Sezer, O., Gino, F. & Norton, M. I. (2018). Humblebragging: A distinct and ineffective selfpresentation strategy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(1):1-28
  84. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000108
  85. Steyn, M. & Conway, D. (2010). Introduction: Intersecting whiteness, interdisciplinary debates. Ethnicities, 10(3):283-291.
  86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796810372309
  87. Tashakkori, A. & Creswell, J. W. (2007). Editorial: Mixed methodology across disciplines. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, (1)3: 4-7
  88. https://doi.org/10.1177/2345678906293042
  89. Tashakkori, A. & Teddlie, C. (1998). Mixed methodology: Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches (Vol. 46). London: Sage.
  90. Tashakkori, A. & Teddlie, C. (2010). Putting the human back in "human research methodology": The researcher in mixed methods research. London: Sage
  91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689810382532
  92. Ware, V. (2013). "A thinning of skin": Writing on and against whiteness. Life Writing, 10(3):245-260.
  93. https://doi.org/10.1080/14484528.2013.765795
How to Cite
“Blackboxing Whiteness”: A study of the networked home in middle-class South Africa. (2022). Communicare: Journal for Communication Studies in Africa, 37(2), 107-126. https://doi.org/10.36615/jcsa.v37i2.1558

Send mail to Author


Send Cancel

Custom technologies based on your needs

  • ORCID
  • Crossref
  • PubMed
  • Clarivate