“Blackboxing Whiteness”: A study of the networked home in middle-class South Africa
A study of the networked home in middle-class South Africa

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
- Articles
- Submited: October 10, 2022
-
Published: October 11, 2022
Abstract
This paper examines the home as networked and relational. These arrangements of space
and place were investigated through a digital ethnography and critical discourse analysis of
domestically focused posts by 50 Facebook users. This data was supplemented by interviews,
and in-situ observations drawn from the broader sample. Facebook has opened up the private
space of the home, allowing domestic space, place, and practice to gain visibility, which, when
analysed in conjunction with Actor-Network Theory (ANT), illustrates the networked and relational
quality of the home. The home, and the relationships between actants, reflects discourses
and hierarchy. Women remain tightly bound to the home, and to postfeminist discourses of
domesticity and domestopia. This paper reveals that whiteness, and in particular madamhood,
is blackboxed within middle-class homes. Domestic workers employed by these households,
on the other hand, were largely absent from such narratives and conversations, and were
marginalised within networks.
Article Metrics Graph
References
- Ally, S. (2011). From servants to workers: South African domestic workers and the democratic state. New York: Cornell University Press.
- Attfield, J. (2002). Moving home: changing attitudes to residence and identity. The Journal of Architecture. 7(3):249-262.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/13602360210155447
- Bech-Danielsen, C. (2012). The kitchen: An architectural mirror of everyday life and societal development. Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 6(4):457-469.
- https://doi.org/10.17265/1934-7359/2012.04.006
- Brekhus, W. (1998). A sociology of the unmarked: Redirecting our focus. Sociological Theory, 16(1): 34-51.
- https://doi.org/10.1111/0735-2751.00041
- BusinessTech (2015, June 30). This is how many domestic workers South Africa has. Available from: https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/91930/here-is-how-many-domestic-workerssouth-africa-has/
- BusinessTech. (2016, July 19). This is how many domestic workers in South Africa have lost their jobs in 2016. Available from: https://businesstech.co.za/news/finance/130654/this-is-howmany-domestic-workers-in-south-africa-have-lost-their-jobs-in-2016/
- Callaway, B. (1987). Muslim Hausa women in Nigeria: Tradition and change. New York: Syracuse University Press.
- Callon, M. (1986). The sociology of an actor-network: The case of the electric vehicle. In M. Callon, J. Law, & A. Rip (eds.). Mapping the dynamics of science and technology. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07408-2
- Callon, M. (1992). The dynamics of techno-economic networks. In R. Coombs, P. Saviotti, & V. Walsh (eds.). Technological change and company strategies: Economic and sociological perspectives. London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
- Cock, J. (1980). Maids & madams: A study in the politics of exploitation. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.
- Cock, J. (1981). Disposable nannies: Domestic servants in the political economy of South Africa. Review of African Political Economy, 8(21):63-83.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/03056248108703467
- Creswell, J.W. & Clark, V.L.P. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Di Gregorio, M. (2012). Networking in environmental movement organisation coalitions: interest, values or discourse?. Environmental Politics, 21(1):1-25.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2011.643366
- Dolgopolov, G. (2003). Doing your block: TV's guide to lifestyle renovation. Metro Magazine, 138: 140-144.
- Doolin, B. & Lowe, A. (2002). To reveal is to critique: actor-network theory and critical information systems research. Journal of Information Technology, 17(2):69-78.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/02683960210145986
- Felski, R. (2000). Doing time: Feminist theory and postmodern culture. New York: New York University Press.
- Ferber, A.L. (1998). Constructing whiteness: The intersections of race and gender in US white supremacist discourse. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 21(1):48-63.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/014198798330098
- Frankenberg, R. (1993). White women, race matters. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203973431
- Frankenberg, R. (1997). Displacing whiteness: Essays in social and cultural criticism. North Carolina: Duke University Press.
- https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1220r19
- Gaitskell, D., Kimble, J., Maconachie, M. & Unterhalter, E. (1984). Class, race and gender: Domestic workers in South Africa. Review of African Political Economy, 10(27-28):86-108.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/03056248308703548
- Geertz, C. (1998). Deep hanging out. New York Review of Books, 45(16):69-72.
- Gill, R. (2007). Postfeminist media culture: Elements of a sensibility. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 10(2):147-166.
- https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549407075898
- Gillis, S. & Hollows, J. (eds.). (2009). Feminism, domesticity and popular culture. London: Routledge.
- https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203889633
- Graham, S. (1998). The end of geography or the explosion of place? Conceptualizing space, place and information technology. Progress in Human Geography, 22(2):165-185.
- https://doi.org/10.1191/030913298671334137
- Hansen, K.T. (ed.). (1992). African encounters with domesticity. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
- Heron, B. (2007). Desire for development: Whiteness, gender, and the helping imperative. Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
- Hollows, J. (2000). Feminism, femininity and popular culture. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
- Hollows, J. (2003). Feeling like a domestic goddess: Postfeminism and cooking. The European Journal of Cultural Studies, 6(2):179-202.
- https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549403006002003
- Hollows, J. (2006). Can I go home yet? Feminism, post-feminism and domesticity. In J. Hollows, & R. Moseley (eds.). Feminism in popular culture. New York: Berg.
- Hollows, J. & Moseley, R. (eds.). (2006). Feminism in popular culture. New York: Berg.
- Hollows, J. (2007). The feminist and the cook: Julia Child, Betty Friedan and domestic femininity. In E. Casey, E. & Martens (eds.). Gender and consumption: Domestic cultures and commercialisation of everyday life. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.
- Huggett, F. E. (1977). Life below stairs: domestic servants in England from Victorian times (Vol. 1977). New York: Scribner.
- Jurgenson, N. (2012). When atoms meet bits: Social media, the mobile web and augmented revolution. Future Internet, 4(1): 83-
- https://doi.org/10.3390/fi4010083
- Kaplan, A. (1998). Manifest domesticity. American Literature, 70(3):581-606.
- https://doi.org/10.2307/2902710
- Knights, D. & Murray, F. (1994). Managers divided: Organisation politics and information technology management. Chichester: Wiley.
- Kruger, C. (2016). (Dis)empowered whiteness: Un-whitely spaces and the production of the good white home. Anthropology Southern Africa, 39(1):46-57.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/23323256.2016.1157026
- Latour, B. (1987). Science in action: how to follow engineers and scientists around society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Law, J. (1992). Notes on the theory of the actor-network: Ordering, strategy, and heterogeneity. Systems Practice, 5(4):379-393.
- https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01059830
- Law, J. (1994). Organizing modernity. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Law, J. (1999). After ANT: complexity, naming and topology. The Sociological Review, 47(S1):1-14.
- https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1999.tb03479.x
- Law, J. (2004). After method: Mess in social science research. London: Routledge.
- Law, J. (2009). Actor network theory and material semiotics. The new Blackwell companion to social theory, 3:141-158.
- https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444304992.ch7
- Marwick, A. E. & Boyd, d. (2011). I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society, 13(1):114-133.
- https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810365313
- Matchar, E. (2013). Homeward Bound: Why women are embracing the new domesticity. New York: Simon & Schuster.
- Marks, S & Unterhalter, E. (1978). Women and the Migrant Labour System in Southern Africa. Paper presented at the Economic Commission for Africa Conference on Migratory Labour in Southern Africa.
- McKeon, M. (2005). The secret history of domesticity: Public, private and the division of knowledge. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
- McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L. & Cook, J.M. (2001). Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 415-444.
- https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415
- McRobbie, A. (2004). Post feminism and popular culture. Feminist Media Studies, (4)3: 255-264.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/1468077042000309937
- Nader, L. (1972). Up the anthropologist - Perspectives gained from studying up. In D. Hymes (ed.). Reinventing anthropology New York: Pantheon Books.
- Nakayama, T.K. & Krizek, R.L. (1995). Whiteness: A strategic rhetoric. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 81(3):291-309.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/00335639509384117
- Nuttall, S. (2001). Subjectivities of whiteness. African Studies Review, 44(2):115-140.
- https://doi.org/10.2307/525577
- Nyamnjoh, F.B. (2005). Madams and maids in Southern Africa: Coping with uncertainties, and the art of mutual zombification. Africa Spectrum, 40(2):181-196.
- Riggs, D. & Selby, J. (2003). Setting the seen: Whiteness as unmarked category in psychologists' writings on race in Australia. Melbourne Australian Psychological Society. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228987618_Setting_the_seen_Whiteness_as_unmarked_category_in_psychologists'_writings_on_race_in_Australia
- SAARF (2015). AMPS Individual June '14-June '15: Number of Domestic Workers in Households According to Population Group. South Africa: SAARF.
- Schmidt, E. (1992). Race, sex, and domestic labor: The question of African female servants in Southern Rhodesia, 1900-1939. In K.T. Hansen (ed.). African Encounters with Domesticity. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
- Sezer, O., Gino, F. & Norton, M. I. (2018). Humblebragging: A distinct and ineffective selfpresentation strategy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(1):1-28
- https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000108
- Steyn, M. & Conway, D. (2010). Introduction: Intersecting whiteness, interdisciplinary debates. Ethnicities, 10(3):283-291.
- https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796810372309
- Tashakkori, A. & Creswell, J. W. (2007). Editorial: Mixed methodology across disciplines. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, (1)3: 4-7
- https://doi.org/10.1177/2345678906293042
- Tashakkori, A. & Teddlie, C. (1998). Mixed methodology: Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches (Vol. 46). London: Sage.
- Tashakkori, A. & Teddlie, C. (2010). Putting the human back in "human research methodology": The researcher in mixed methods research. London: Sage
- https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689810382532
- Ware, V. (2013). "A thinning of skin": Writing on and against whiteness. Life Writing, 10(3):245-260.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/14484528.2013.765795