Financial Inclusion of South African Women Entrepreneurs
Main Article Content
Keywords
financial inclusion, inclusive development, political ecomony, female autonomy, South Africa
Abstract
The paper examines the subject of financial inclusion and women’s empowerment in South Africa. Apart from
the technicalities and minutiae affecting financial inclusion for women, the study will analyse the existing
government measures on financial inclusion to determine if these contribute to the socio-economic
empowerment of female entrepreneurs in South Africa. The study uses a feminist political economy perspective
to understand the historical exclusion of the female gender in South Africa and the gender gaps regarding
financial inclusion as a result. The effects of colonialism in South Africa on gender inequality, structural,
psychological and cultural degradation and how these have affected women’s participation in social and
economic relations in the finance sector in the country are part of the effort to understand financial inclusion
and women’s empowerment. Resentment, exclusion and coercion are the inevitable consequences of poverty
and inequality in post-apartheid South Africa. Although concerted efforts have been made by the state to
address this problem, including ensuring that women and girls have access to finance and gender equality
within their constitutional rights (as contained in the national policy), the problem has remained unabated.
Using the qualitative method approach, based on attitudinal research of an exploratory nature, the study hoped
to gain insight, from the available literature as well as respondents’ responses, into financial inclusion/exclusion
and how this impacts women’s empowerment in South Africa.
Keywords: Financial Inclusion, Inclusive Development, Political Economy, Women’s Empowerment, South
Africa.
Article Metrics Graph
References
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Arts, K. (2017) ‘Inclusive sustainable development: a human rights perspective’, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 24, pp. 58–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.02.001
Aslan, G. et al. (2017) WP/17/236 Inequality in Financial Inclusion and Income Inequality. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484324905.001
Chant Slyvia (2016) ‘Addressing world poverty through women and girls: a feminised solution’, Sight and Life Magazine, 30(2), pp. 58–62. Available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/68589/ (Accessed: 14 September 2017).
Cornish Lisa (2018) Insights from the World Bank’s 2017 Global Findex database | Devex, Devex. Available at: https://www.devex.com/news/insights-from-the-world-bank-s-2017-global-findex-database-92589 (Accessed: 3 February 2019).
Corrado, G. and Corrado, L. (2017) ‘Inclusive finance for inclusive growth and development’, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 24, pp. 19–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.01.013
Deléchat, C. et al. (2018) What is Driving Women’s Financial Inclusion Across Countries? https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484344460.001
Demirgüç-Kunt, A. (2014) ‘Presidential Address: Financial Inclusion’, Atlantic Economic Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11293-014-9429-z
Department of Women (2015) Status of Women and Girls in South Africa 2015: Towards The United Nation General Assembly Meeting on The New Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). South Africa. Available at: http://www.gov.za/sites/www.gov.za/files/Status_of_women_in_SA_economy.pdf.
Dill, B. and Crow, B. (2014) ‘The Colonial Roots of Inequality: Access to Water in Urban East Africa.’, International Water Resources Association, Vol 39(2), pp. 187–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2014.894212
Dupas, P. and Robinson, J. (2013) ‘Savings Constraints and Microenterprise Development: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Kenya †’, 5(1), pp. 163–192. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.5.1.163
Evans, O. (2015) The Effects of Economic and Financial Development on Financial Inclusion in Africa, Review of Economic and Development Studies. Available at: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/81325/1/MPRA_paper_81325.pdf (Accessed: 6 February 2019).
Fanta and Ashenafi (2016) ‘Gender and financial inclusion Analysis of financial inclusion of women in the SADC region’. South Africa (2016), pp. 1–37. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1390.3605.
Fletschner, Diana et al. (2014) ‘Rural Women’s Access to Financial Services: Credit, Savings, and Insurance’, in Gender in Agriculture. USA, pp. 187–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8616-4_8
Gaudet, Stéphanie & Robert, D. (2018) A Journey Through Qualitative Research: From Design to Reporting - Google Books. London: SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529716733
Glänzel, G. and Scheuerle, T. (2015) ‘Social Impact Investing in Germany: Current Impediments from Investors’ and Social Entrepreneurs’ Perspectives’, VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 27(2016), pp. 1638–1668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-015-9621-z
Grohmann, A., Klühs, T. and Menkhoff, L. (2018) ‘Does financial literacy improve financial inclusion? Cross country evidence’, World Development. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.06.020
Gupta, J. and & Ros Tonen, M. A. F. (2015) Inclusive Development, Springer. Amsterdam: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28036-8_100876
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Holloway, K., Niazi, Z. and Rouse, R. (2017) Financial Inclusion Program Innovations for Poverty Action Women’s Economic Empowerment Through Financial Inclusion A Review of Existing Evidence and Remaining Knowledge Gaps. Available at: www.poverty-action.org.
Hulme, D., Moore, K., & Barrientos, A. (2015) ‘Assessing Insurance Roles of Micro-Savings’, in Vos, R., Islam, N.,& Koparanova, M. (ed.) Financing for Overcoming Economic Insecurity. Bloomsbury Publishing. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472544421.ch-006
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Inyang E (2018) Doing Academic Research - - Google Books. YK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. https://cambridgescholars.com/product/978-1-5275-0322-9/
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Johnson, S. and Williams, R. (2016) ‘The political economy of financial inclusion: tailoring donor policy to fit’, Development Policy Review, 34(5), pp. 721–743. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12170
Karlan, D. et al. (2014) Loose Knots: Strong versus Weak Commitments to Save for Education in Uganda *. Uganda. https://doi.org/10.3386/w19863
Kessler, K. et al. (2017) Improving Financial Inclusion in South Africa, BCG. Available at: https://www.bcg.com/publications/2017/globalization-improving-financial-inclusion-south-africa.aspx (Accessed: 19 June 2019).
Khumalo Kabelo (2017) Financial Exclusion a challenge for SA women, Saturday Star. Available at: https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/saturday-star/20170819/282260960577019 (Accessed: 14 September 2017).
Klapper, L. et al. (2017) The Global Findex Database. Washington DC.
De Koker, L. and Jentzsch, N. (2013) ‘Financial Inclusion and Financial Integrity: Aligned Incentives?’, World Development, 44, pp. 267–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.11.002
Koralagama, D., Gupta, J. and Pouw, N. (2017) ‘Inclusive development from a gender perspective in small scale fisheries’, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 24, pp. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2016.09.002
Lyngdoh, B. F. and Pati, A. P. (2013) ‘Impact of Microfinance on Women Empowerment in the Matrilineal Tribal Society of India: An Analysis Using Propensity Score Matching and Difference-in-Difference Ambika P. Pati, corresponding author’, Subversion International Journal of Rural Management International Journal of Rural Management, 9(1), pp. 45–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973005213479207
McKinsey & Company (2009) The business of empowering women. USA. Available at: http://mckinseyonsociety.com/downloads/reports/Economic-Development/EmpWomen_USA4_Letter.pdf (Accessed: 1 September 2017).
McKinsey &Company (2010) Global Financial Inclusion. Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/social sector/our insights/global financial inclusion within reach/global_financial_inclusion.ashx (Accessed: 1 February 2019).
Mzobe, N. (2015) The role of education and financial inclusion in Africa : the case of selected African countries. Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University. Available at: http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/99394 (Accessed: 3 April 2019).
Ngwenya, B., Pelser, T. and Chivaura, T. (2018) ‘South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences’. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v21i1.1837
Nhavira, J. D. G. (2015) ‘Whither Financial Inclusion? A holistic approach’, Journal of Strategic Studies, 5(1), pp. 80–91.
O’Dell K, P. S. & W. K. (2014) Women, energy, and economic empowerment | Deloitte University Press, Deloitte University Press. Available at: https://dupress.deloitte.com/dup-us-en/topics/social-impact/women-empowerment-energy-access.html (Accessed: 1 September 2017).
O’Manique, C. and Fourie, P. (2016) ‘Gender Justice and the Millennium Development Goals: Canada and South Africa Considered’, Politikon, 43(1), pp. 97–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589346.2016.1155139
OECD (2012) Women’s Economic Empowerment. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/dac/povertyreduction/50157530.pdf (Accessed: 1 September 2017).
Ouma, S. A., Odongo, T. M. and Were, M. (2017) ‘Mobile financial services and financial inclusion: Is it a boon for savings mobilization?’, Review of Development Finance. University of Cairo., 7(1), pp. 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rdf.2017.01.001
Oxfam (2018) Oxfam-Briefing Note Inclusive Development. UK. Available at: http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/held-account.
PCI (2017) Great Courage and PCI are Empowering Women, www.pciglobal.org. Available at: https://www.pciglobal.org/empowering-women/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwiqTNBRDVARIsAGsd9MoX7jxWBl0tnC5rh8jInPSBCw-QBm7ArAi961AKahtIL7MclM8TebUaAo9ZEALw_wcB (Accessed: 1 September 2017).
Pouw, N. and Gupta, J. (2017) ‘Inclusive development: a multi-disciplinary approach’, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 24, pp. 104–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2016.11.013
Prabhakar, R. (2019) ‘Financial Inclusion: a tale of two literatures Article accepted for publication in Social Policy and Society’, Open Research Online, 18(1), pp. 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746418000039
Rashiq S & Cyprian J (2017) ‘Impact of Poverty on Women (A Worldwide Overview)’, Nice Research Journal, 4, pp. 98–127. Available at: http://nicerjss.com/index.php/nicerjss/article/view/11/11 (Accessed: 18 September 2017).
Revenga A & Shetty S (2012) ‘Empowering Women is Smart Economics’, Finance and Development, 49(1), pp. 40–43. Available at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2012/03/pdf/revenga.pdf (Accessed: 1 September 2017).
Robert, J. A. F. (2016) Banking the Poor: Evidence from a Savings Field Experiment in Malawi. US. Available at: https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/171879/2/jflory_SavingsAdoption.pdf (Accessed: 14 February 2019).
Roberts, A. (2015) ‘Gender, Financial deepening and the production of embodied finance: towards a critical feminist analysis’, Global Society. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2014.975189
RSA (2017a) Towards Women’s Economic Empowerment: An overview of challenges, achievements, legislative mechanisms and programmes. South Africa: The paliarment. Available at: https://www.parliament.gov.za/storage/app/media/uploaded-files/International Womens Conference 2017 - Womens Economic Empowerment - August 2017.pdf (Accessed: 6 September 2017).
RSA (2017b) Towards Women’s Economic Empowerment: An overview of challenges, achievements, legislative mechanisms and programmes 2. South Africa.
Ssewamala, F. M. et al. (2016) ‘Applying a Family-Level Economic Strengthening Intervention to Improve Education and Health-Related Outcomes of School-Going AIDS-Orphaned Children: Lessons from a Randomized Experiment in Southern Uganda.’, Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research. NIH Public Access, 17(1), pp. 134–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-015-0580-9
Steinert, J. I. et al. (2018) ‘Do saving promotion interventions increase household savings, consumption, and investments in Sub-Saharan Africa? A systematic review and meta-analysis’, World Development, 104(2018), pp. 238–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.11.018
Taejun (2018) Summary of the Report on Global Findex Database 2017, Medium. Available at: https://medium.com/@81TJ/summary-of-the-report-on-global-findex-database-2017-bfc4f71f8bf7 (Accessed: 3 February 2019).
UN-Women (2017) Facts and Figures: Economic Empowerment | UN Women – Headquarters, UN-Women. Available at: http://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/economic-empowerment/facts-and-figures (Accessed: 1 September 2017).
de Villiers, J. (2019) South African men get paid much more than women - here are the worst industries, Business Insider. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.co.za/south-africa-industries-pwc-executive-directors-practices-and-remuneration-trends-report-jse-gender-pay-gap-white-ceos-2019-7 (Accessed: 19 July 2019).
Arts, K. (2017) ‘Inclusive sustainable development: a human rights perspective’, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 24, pp. 58–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.02.001
Aslan, G. et al. (2017) WP/17/236 Inequality in Financial Inclusion and Income Inequality. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484324905.001
Chant Slyvia (2016) ‘Addressing world poverty through women and girls: a feminised solution’, Sight and Life Magazine, 30(2), pp. 58–62. Available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/68589/ (Accessed: 14 September 2017).
Cornish Lisa (2018) Insights from the World Bank’s 2017 Global Findex database | Devex, Devex. Available at: https://www.devex.com/news/insights-from-the-world-bank-s-2017-global-findex-database-92589 (Accessed: 3 February 2019).
Corrado, G. and Corrado, L. (2017) ‘Inclusive finance for inclusive growth and development’, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 24, pp. 19–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.01.013
Deléchat, C. et al. (2018) What is Driving Women’s Financial Inclusion Across Countries? https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484344460.001
Demirgüç-Kunt, A. (2014) ‘Presidential Address: Financial Inclusion’, Atlantic Economic Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11293-014-9429-z
Department of Women (2015) Status of Women and Girls in South Africa 2015: Towards The United Nation General Assembly Meeting on The New Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). South Africa. Available at: http://www.gov.za/sites/www.gov.za/files/Status_of_women_in_SA_economy.pdf.
Dill, B. and Crow, B. (2014) ‘The Colonial Roots of Inequality: Access to Water in Urban East Africa.’, International Water Resources Association, Vol 39(2), pp. 187–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2014.894212
Dupas, P. and Robinson, J. (2013) ‘Savings Constraints and Microenterprise Development: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Kenya †’, 5(1), pp. 163–192. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.5.1.163
Evans, O. (2015) The Effects of Economic and Financial Development on Financial Inclusion in Africa, Review of Economic and Development Studies. Available at: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/81325/1/MPRA_paper_81325.pdf (Accessed: 6 February 2019).
Fanta and Ashenafi (2016) ‘Gender and financial inclusion Analysis of financial inclusion of women in the SADC region’. South Africa (2016), pp. 1–37. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1390.3605.
Fletschner, Diana et al. (2014) ‘Rural Women’s Access to Financial Services: Credit, Savings, and Insurance’, in Gender in Agriculture. USA, pp. 187–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8616-4_8
Gaudet, Stéphanie & Robert, D. (2018) A Journey Through Qualitative Research: From Design to Reporting - Google Books. London: SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529716733
Glänzel, G. and Scheuerle, T. (2015) ‘Social Impact Investing in Germany: Current Impediments from Investors’ and Social Entrepreneurs’ Perspectives’, VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 27(2016), pp. 1638–1668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-015-9621-z
Grohmann, A., Klühs, T. and Menkhoff, L. (2018) ‘Does financial literacy improve financial inclusion? Cross country evidence’, World Development. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.06.020
Gupta, J. and & Ros Tonen, M. A. F. (2015) Inclusive Development, Springer. Amsterdam: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28036-8_100876
Hague, P. et al. (2016) Market Research in Practice. 3rd edn. Edited by P. Hague et al. United Kingdom: Koganpage.
Holloway, K., Niazi, Z. and Rouse, R. (2017) Financial Inclusion Program Innovations for Poverty Action Women’s Economic Empowerment Through Financial Inclusion A Review of Existing Evidence and Remaining Knowledge Gaps. Available at: www.poverty-action.org.
Hulme, D., Moore, K., & Barrientos, A. (2015) ‘Assessing Insurance Roles of Micro-Savings’, in Vos, R., Islam, N.,& Koparanova, M. (ed.) Financing for Overcoming Economic Insecurity. Bloomsbury Publishing. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472544421.ch-006
IMF (2017) ‘Global Cooperation- An Uphill Battle’, Finance and Development, 54(3), pp. 1–65.
Inyang E (2018) Doing Academic Research - - Google Books. YK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. https://cambridgescholars.com/product/978-1-5275-0322-9/
Jabir, M. I. (2015) Financial Inclusion and Poverty Reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa. University of Ghana. Available at: http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh (Accessed: 6 February 2019).
Johnson, S. and Williams, R. (2016) ‘The political economy of financial inclusion: tailoring donor policy to fit’, Development Policy Review, 34(5), pp. 721–743. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12170
Karlan, D. et al. (2014) Loose Knots: Strong versus Weak Commitments to Save for Education in Uganda *. Uganda. https://doi.org/10.3386/w19863
Kessler, K. et al. (2017) Improving Financial Inclusion in South Africa, BCG. Available at: https://www.bcg.com/publications/2017/globalization-improving-financial-inclusion-south-africa.aspx (Accessed: 19 June 2019).
Khumalo Kabelo (2017) Financial Exclusion a challenge for SA women, Saturday Star. Available at: https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/saturday-star/20170819/282260960577019 (Accessed: 14 September 2017).
Klapper, L. et al. (2017) The Global Findex Database. Washington DC.
De Koker, L. and Jentzsch, N. (2013) ‘Financial Inclusion and Financial Integrity: Aligned Incentives?’, World Development, 44, pp. 267–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.11.002
Koralagama, D., Gupta, J. and Pouw, N. (2017) ‘Inclusive development from a gender perspective in small scale fisheries’, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 24, pp. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2016.09.002
Lyngdoh, B. F. and Pati, A. P. (2013) ‘Impact of Microfinance on Women Empowerment in the Matrilineal Tribal Society of India: An Analysis Using Propensity Score Matching and Difference-in-Difference Ambika P. Pati, corresponding author’, Subversion International Journal of Rural Management International Journal of Rural Management, 9(1), pp. 45–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973005213479207
McKinsey & Company (2009) The business of empowering women. USA. Available at: http://mckinseyonsociety.com/downloads/reports/Economic-Development/EmpWomen_USA4_Letter.pdf (Accessed: 1 September 2017).
McKinsey &Company (2010) Global Financial Inclusion. Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/social sector/our insights/global financial inclusion within reach/global_financial_inclusion.ashx (Accessed: 1 February 2019).
Mzobe, N. (2015) The role of education and financial inclusion in Africa : the case of selected African countries. Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University. Available at: http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/99394 (Accessed: 3 April 2019).
Ngwenya, B., Pelser, T. and Chivaura, T. (2018) ‘South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences’. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v21i1.1837
Nhavira, J. D. G. (2015) ‘Whither Financial Inclusion? A holistic approach’, Journal of Strategic Studies, 5(1), pp. 80–91.
O’Dell K, P. S. & W. K. (2014) Women, energy, and economic empowerment | Deloitte University Press, Deloitte University Press. Available at: https://dupress.deloitte.com/dup-us-en/topics/social-impact/women-empowerment-energy-access.html (Accessed: 1 September 2017).
O’Manique, C. and Fourie, P. (2016) ‘Gender Justice and the Millennium Development Goals: Canada and South Africa Considered’, Politikon, 43(1), pp. 97–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589346.2016.1155139
OECD (2012) Women’s Economic Empowerment. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/dac/povertyreduction/50157530.pdf (Accessed: 1 September 2017).
Ouma, S. A., Odongo, T. M. and Were, M. (2017) ‘Mobile financial services and financial inclusion: Is it a boon for savings mobilization?’, Review of Development Finance. University of Cairo., 7(1), pp. 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rdf.2017.01.001
Oxfam (2018) Oxfam-Briefing Note Inclusive Development. UK. Available at: http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/held-account.
PCI (2017) Great Courage and PCI are Empowering Women, www.pciglobal.org. Available at: https://www.pciglobal.org/empowering-women/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwiqTNBRDVARIsAGsd9MoX7jxWBl0tnC5rh8jInPSBCw-QBm7ArAi961AKahtIL7MclM8TebUaAo9ZEALw_wcB (Accessed: 1 September 2017).
Pouw, N. and Gupta, J. (2017) ‘Inclusive development: a multi-disciplinary approach’, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 24, pp. 104–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2016.11.013
Prabhakar, R. (2019) ‘Financial Inclusion: a tale of two literatures Article accepted for publication in Social Policy and Society’, Open Research Online, 18(1), pp. 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746418000039
Rashiq S & Cyprian J (2017) ‘Impact of Poverty on Women (A Worldwide Overview)’, Nice Research Journal, 4, pp. 98–127. Available at: http://nicerjss.com/index.php/nicerjss/article/view/11/11 (Accessed: 18 September 2017).
Revenga A & Shetty S (2012) ‘Empowering Women is Smart Economics’, Finance and Development, 49(1), pp. 40–43. Available at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2012/03/pdf/revenga.pdf (Accessed: 1 September 2017).
Robert, J. A. F. (2016) Banking the Poor: Evidence from a Savings Field Experiment in Malawi. US. Available at: https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/171879/2/jflory_SavingsAdoption.pdf (Accessed: 14 February 2019).
Roberts, A. (2015) ‘Gender, Financial deepening and the production of embodied finance: towards a critical feminist analysis’, Global Society. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2014.975189
RSA (2017a) Towards Women’s Economic Empowerment: An overview of challenges, achievements, legislative mechanisms and programmes. South Africa: The paliarment. Available at: https://www.parliament.gov.za/storage/app/media/uploaded-files/International Womens Conference 2017 - Womens Economic Empowerment - August 2017.pdf (Accessed: 6 September 2017).
RSA (2017b) Towards Women’s Economic Empowerment: An overview of challenges, achievements, legislative mechanisms and programmes 2. South Africa.
Ssewamala, F. M. et al. (2016) ‘Applying a Family-Level Economic Strengthening Intervention to Improve Education and Health-Related Outcomes of School-Going AIDS-Orphaned Children: Lessons from a Randomized Experiment in Southern Uganda.’, Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research. NIH Public Access, 17(1), pp. 134–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-015-0580-9
Steinert, J. I. et al. (2018) ‘Do saving promotion interventions increase household savings, consumption, and investments in Sub-Saharan Africa? A systematic review and meta-analysis’, World Development, 104(2018), pp. 238–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.11.018
Taejun (2018) Summary of the Report on Global Findex Database 2017, Medium. Available at: https://medium.com/@81TJ/summary-of-the-report-on-global-findex-database-2017-bfc4f71f8bf7 (Accessed: 3 February 2019).
UN-Women (2017) Facts and Figures: Economic Empowerment | UN Women – Headquarters, UN-Women. Available at: http://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/economic-empowerment/facts-and-figures (Accessed: 1 September 2017).
de Villiers, J. (2019) South African men get paid much more than women - here are the worst industries, Business Insider. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.co.za/south-africa-industries-pwc-executive-directors-practices-and-remuneration-trends-report-jse-gender-pay-gap-white-ceos-2019-7 (Accessed: 19 July 2019).
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Financial Inclusion of South African Women Entrepreneurs. (2026). African Journal of Political Science, 13(2), 51-65. https://doi.org/10.36615/j5xtms34
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Financial Inclusion of South African Women Entrepreneurs. (2026). African Journal of Political Science, 13(2), 51-65. https://doi.org/10.36615/j5xtms34
