“[Obeah] Ọbịa by Igbo Spelling” Affirming the Value of After God is Dibịa by John A. Umeh
Main Article Content
Keywords
obeah, African traditional religion, women's spirituality, Dibịa, Ọbịa, Reparations
Abstract
Against the backdrop of the demonization of Africana Religious Traditions (ARTs), peoples of African descent, in shame and ignorance, and seduced by the benefits of a ruthless capitalist Christianity, fail to affirm the value of their ancestral spirituality. In Jamaica and other parts of the Anglophone Caribbean, the word “Obeah”, a label for African spirituality, remains misunderstood, demonized, and criminalized as Christians consistently thwart any effort to value it. Dibịa-Professor Umeh’s spiritual oeuvre provides necessary redress to the epistemicide that fuels the continued criminalization of “Obeah”. This article presents John Umeh’s After God is Dibịa: Igbo Cosmology, Divination & Sacred Science in Nigeria, Vols. 1 and 2 as performative texts that affirm traditional African Priesthood as honorable, valuable, and necessary, while negating the myth of a superior white male god and consequent female inferiority. I explore these acts of writing the Igbo Dibịahood as sacred performances of testimony, communion and redemption. The emphasis on Dibịa ethics, I posit as offering a critique of Christian priestcraft. African defined Ọbịa rejects eurocentric impositions on the term by affirming it as a healing vocation and inclusive priesthood defined by wisdom and knowledge. Through attention to the feminine space of revival, Ọbịa balmyard, I explore similarities with continental antecedents and present female Dibịahood as a radical faith tradition that insists on the power of Nne Agwu, Mother Holy Spirit. The respell of Ọbịa through eight emanations is shown as a potent antidote against epistemicide. By affirming the sacredness of matriarchal power, the dignity of traditional Dibịahood and the ethical force of traditional knowledge, Umeh exemplifies a priest class worthy of the name.
Article Metrics Graph
References
Acts of Assembly. Act 24 of 1760, Clause x. Acts of Assembly Vol. p.55. I Geo. III, c. 22. “An Act
to Remedy the Evils Arising from Irregular Assemblies of Slaves, Jamaica 1760.” 1769. Obeah Histories. Accessed July 7, 2023. http://obeahhistories.org/1760-jamaica-law/
Anderson, Claudette A. “Judge, Jury or Obeahman? Power Dynamics in the Jamaican House O’
Law.” Paper presented at conference Obeah and Other Powers: The Politics of Caribbean Religion and Healing, Newcastle University, July 2008.
Anderson, Claudette A. “Gnostic Obia from Chukwu Abiama to Jah Rastafari: A Theology of the
JamAfrican Obia Catholic Church.” PhD diss., Emory University, 2010.
Anderson, Claudette A. “Freedom to Catch the Spirit: Conceptualizing Black Church Studies in a
Caribbean Context.” In The Black Church Studies Reader, edited by Alton Pollard and Carol B. Duncan, 217–235. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137534552
Barima, Kofi. “Cutting Across Space and Time: Obeah’s Service to Jamaica’s Freedom Struggle
in Slavery and Emancipation.” Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies. 9, no.4 (2016): 16–31.
Bewaji, John Ayotunde Tunde Isola. “Liberation Humanities for Africa and the Diaspora.”
Presented as An Inaugural Professorial Lecture. University of the West Indies, Mona Kingston, February 19, 2015.
Bewaji, John Ayotunde Isola, “Indigenous Knowledge Systems, Education and Africa: The
Challenge of Epistemicide and Excentric Educational System and Practice. Caribbean Journal of Philosophy 8, no. 1 (2016): 65–82.
Bilby, Kenneth. “The Strange Career of ‘Obeah’: Defining Magical Power in the West Indies.”
Paper presented at a general seminar at the Institute for Global Studies in Culture, Power
and History, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, November 9, 1993.
Bilby, Kenneth. True-Born Maroons. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 2005.
Bilby, Kenneth.An (Un)Natural Mystic in the Air: Images of Obeah in Caribbean Song. Paper
presented at conference Obeah and Other Powers: The Politics of Caribbean Religion and Healing, Newcastle University, July 2008.
Bilby, Kenneth M. and Jerome S. Handler. “Obeah: Healing and Protection in West Indian Slave
Life. The Journal of Caribbean History 38, no. 2 (2004): 153–183.
Boaz, Danielle. “Obeah, Vagrancy, and the Boundaries of Religious Freedom: Analyzing the
Proscription of ‘Pretending to Possess Supernatural Powers’ in the Anglophone Caribbean,” Journal of Law and Religion 32, no. 3 (2017): 423–448. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-law-and religion/issue/E9B9B4A389B5EDADE2FAB152710C398E
Brown, Vincent. Spiritual Terror and Sacred Authority in Jamaican Slave Society.
Slavery and Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies 24, no. 43 (2003): 24–53.
Brown, Vincent. Tacky’s Revolt: The Story of an Atlantic Slave War. Harvard University Press.
2020.
Burham, Michelle. “Obeah’s unproductive bodies: a response to ‘Obeah: knowledge, power
and writing in the early Atlantic world.’” Atlantic Studies. 12, no. 2 (2015): 235–243.
Caribbean Reparations Commission. 10 Point Plan.
https://caricomreparations.org/caricom/caricoms-10-point-reparation-plan/ August 2, 2023
Cassecanarie, Myal Djumboh. Obeah Simplified, The True Wanga! What It Really Is, And How
It Is Done! Port-of-Spain, [Trinidad, B.W.I.]:"Mirror" Off., and London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trűbner & Co., Ltd., 1895.
Chambers, Douglas B. “My own Nation: Igbo Exiles in the Diaspora.” Slavery and Abolition 18,
no. 1 (1997): 72–97.
Chambers, Douglas B. Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia. Jackson: University
Press of Mississippi, 2005.
Crowthers, S.A. Vocabulary of the Igbo Language. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
London, Charring Cross, 1882.
Crowthers, S.A. Vocabulary of the Igbo Language. Part II. English-Igbo. Society for Promoting
Christian Knowledge. London, Charring Cross, 1883.
de Laurence, William Lauron. The Great Book of Magical Art, Hindu Magic and East Indian
Occultism, and The Book of Secret Hindu, Ceremonial, and Talismanic Magic. Chicago, Ill: De Laurence Co., 1939.
Echeruo, Michael J.C. Igbo-English Dictionary: A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Igbo
Language with an English-Igbo Index. Longman Nigeria Plc: Lagos State, Nigeria. 2001.
Edwards, Bryan. The History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies.
London: printed for Crosby and Letterman 1799.
Eze, Gerald. “Ojafuturism.” Unpublished paper. Ichoku Academy, Akwa, Anambra State. Nigeria.
2023.
Eze, Gerald. "Ọbịa: The Healer." Igbo Rising. Gerald Eze Oja Performance. forthcoming 2024.
Gerbner, Katharine. ““They call me Obea”: German Moravian missionaries and Afro-Caribbean
Religion in Jamaica, 1754–1760,” Atlantic Studies: Global Currents 12, no.2 (2015): 160–178.
Handler, J. S. and K. M. Bilby. “On the Early Use and Origin of the Term ‘Obeah’ in Barbados
and the Anglophone Caribbean.” Slavery and Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave
Studies 22, no.2 (2001): 87–100.
Handler, Jerome. “Anti-Obeah Laws of the Anglophone Caribbean, 1760s to 2010. Virginia
Foundation for the Humanities Charlottesville, Virginia] 35th Annual Conference, Society for Caribbean Studies, International Slavery Museum, Liverpool 29 June-1 July, 2011
Henry, Paget. Caliban’s Reason: Introducing Afro Caribbean Philosophy. New York: Routledge.
2000.
Howell, Leonard (Maragh G.G.). The Promised Key. Introduced and Edited by E. S. P.
McPherson. Brooklyn, New York: A&B Publishers Group, 2001.
Iroegbu, Patrick “Igbo Medicine and Culture: The Concept of Dibia and Dibia Representation in
Igbo Society of Nigeria,”.http://chatafrik.com/articles/health-and-welfare/igbo-medicine-and-culture-the-concept-of-dibia-and-dibia-representation-in-igbo-society-of-nigeria. Accessed January 18, 2018
Johnston, Harry. The Negro in the New World. London: Methuen & Co., 1910
Kaunda, Mutale. “Mother Earth, Mother Africa and African Women’s Role in Indigenous
Religions.” The African Journal of Gender and Religion Vol. 27 No 1 (July 2021): 91–117.
Leslie, Charles. A New History of Jamaica: From the Earliest Accounts, to the Taking of Porto
Bello by Vice-Admiral Vernon. London: Printed for J. Hodges, 1740.
Lewis, Matthew Gregory. Journal of a West India Proprietor: kept during a residence in the island
of Jamaica. London: John Murray, 1834.
Livingstone, William Pringle. Black Jamaica: A Study in Evolution. London: S. Low, Marston and
Co., 1899.
Marley, Bob and the Wailers. “Babylon System.” Survival. Tuff Gong. 1977.
Northcote, Thomas. W. Anthropological Report of the Igbo Speaking Peoples of Nigeria. Part V.
Addenda to Igbo-English Dictionary. Harrison and Sons: London, 1914.
Nwafor, Nze Chukwukadibia E. “The Old Woman of Immense Wisdom: On the Mystical
Science Behind the Afa Akpụkpala Oracular System.” 2013. https://igbocybershrine.com/tag/ifa-divination/ Retrieved March 11, 2016
Nwafor, Nze Chukwukadibia E. Leopards of the Magical Dawn: Science and the Cosmological
Foundations of Igbo Culture. Morrisville, NC, USA: Lulu Press Inc, 2014.
Paton, Diana. “Obeah Acts: Producing and Policing the Boundaries of Religion in the Caribbean.”
Small Axe 28 March (2009): 1–18.
Patterson, Orlando. The Sociology of Slavery: An Analysis of the Origins, Development, and
Structure of Negro Slave Society in Jamaica. Rutherford [N.J.]: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1969.
Pollard, V., and L. Goodison. Dread talk: The Language of Rastafari. McGill: Queen’s
University Press, 2000.
Stewart, Dianne M. “African-Derived Religions in Jamaica: Polyvalent Repertoires of Culture
and Identity in the Black Atlantic.” Contours 3 (2005): 75–112.
Stewart, Dianne M. Three Eyes for the Journey: African Dimensions of the Jamaican Religious
Experience. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005b.
Stravinskas, Peter MJ. Catholic Encyclopedia. Our Sunday Visitor. Huntington, Indiana. 1991.
Tuelon, Alan. “Nanny-Maroon Chieftainess.” Caribbean Quarterly. 19, no.4 (1973): 20–27.
Umeh, John Anenechukwu. After God is Dibia: Igbo Cosmology, Divination and Sacred Science
in Nigeria. Vol. 1. London: Karnak House, 1997.
Umeh, John Anenechukwu. After God is Dibia: Igbo Cosmology, Divination and Sacred Science
in Nigeria. Vol. 2. London: Karnak House, 1999a.
Umeh, John Anenechukwu. The Igbo People: Their Origin and Culture Area. Enugu, Nigeria:
Gostak Print. & Pub. Co. 1999b.
Umeh, John Anenechukwu. The March of Igbo Civilization Vol 1. Lambert Academic Publishing.
Beau Bassin, Mauritius, 2017.
Umeh, John Anenechukwu. The March of Igbo Civilization Vol 2. Lambert Academic Publishing.
Beau Bassin, Mauritius, 2017b.
Usuanlele, Uyilawa. “Tracing the African Origins of Obeah (Obia): Some Conjectures and
Inferences from the History of Benin Kingdom.” West Bohemian Historical Review I, no.2
(2016): 165–184.
Warner-Lewis, Maureen. Central Africa in the Caribbean: Transcending Time, Transforming
Cultures. Kingston, Jamaica: University of West Indies Press, 2003.
Weaver, Karol K. Medical Revolutionaries: The Enslaved Healers of Eighteenth–Century Saint
Dominigue. University of Illinois Press: Urbana and Chicago, 2006.
Wedenoja, William and Claudette A. Anderson. “Revival: An indigenous Religion and Spiritual
Healing Practice in Jamaica,” in Caribbean Healing Traditions: Implications for Health and Mental Health, edited by Patsy Sutherland, Roy Moodley and Barry Chevannes, 128–139. New York and London: Routledge, 2014.
Wedenoja, William. “Mothering and the Practice of ‘Balm’ in Jamaica,” in Women as Healers:
Cross-Cultural Perspectives, edited by Carol Shepherd McClain, 76–97. New Brunswick:
Rutgers University Press, 1989.
Wedenoja, “W. Religion and Adaptation in Rural Jamaica.” Thesis Ph. D. Dissertation: University
of California, San Diego. Department of Anthropology, 1978.
Williamson, Kay. Dictionary of Ònìchà Igbo. 2nd Ed. Ethiope Press, 2006.
https://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger Congo/VN/Igboid/Igbo%20Dictionary.pdf
Wisecup, Kelly. “Knowing Obeah.” Atlantic Studies 10, no.3 (2013): 1–20.
Wisecup, Kelly and Toni Wall Jaudon. “On Knowing and not knowing about Obeah.” Atlantic
Studies. 12, no. 2 (2013): 129–143.
to Remedy the Evils Arising from Irregular Assemblies of Slaves, Jamaica 1760.” 1769. Obeah Histories. Accessed July 7, 2023. http://obeahhistories.org/1760-jamaica-law/
Anderson, Claudette A. “Judge, Jury or Obeahman? Power Dynamics in the Jamaican House O’
Law.” Paper presented at conference Obeah and Other Powers: The Politics of Caribbean Religion and Healing, Newcastle University, July 2008.
Anderson, Claudette A. “Gnostic Obia from Chukwu Abiama to Jah Rastafari: A Theology of the
JamAfrican Obia Catholic Church.” PhD diss., Emory University, 2010.
Anderson, Claudette A. “Freedom to Catch the Spirit: Conceptualizing Black Church Studies in a
Caribbean Context.” In The Black Church Studies Reader, edited by Alton Pollard and Carol B. Duncan, 217–235. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137534552
Barima, Kofi. “Cutting Across Space and Time: Obeah’s Service to Jamaica’s Freedom Struggle
in Slavery and Emancipation.” Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies. 9, no.4 (2016): 16–31.
Bewaji, John Ayotunde Tunde Isola. “Liberation Humanities for Africa and the Diaspora.”
Presented as An Inaugural Professorial Lecture. University of the West Indies, Mona Kingston, February 19, 2015.
Bewaji, John Ayotunde Isola, “Indigenous Knowledge Systems, Education and Africa: The
Challenge of Epistemicide and Excentric Educational System and Practice. Caribbean Journal of Philosophy 8, no. 1 (2016): 65–82.
Bilby, Kenneth. “The Strange Career of ‘Obeah’: Defining Magical Power in the West Indies.”
Paper presented at a general seminar at the Institute for Global Studies in Culture, Power
and History, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, November 9, 1993.
Bilby, Kenneth. True-Born Maroons. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 2005.
Bilby, Kenneth.An (Un)Natural Mystic in the Air: Images of Obeah in Caribbean Song. Paper
presented at conference Obeah and Other Powers: The Politics of Caribbean Religion and Healing, Newcastle University, July 2008.
Bilby, Kenneth M. and Jerome S. Handler. “Obeah: Healing and Protection in West Indian Slave
Life. The Journal of Caribbean History 38, no. 2 (2004): 153–183.
Boaz, Danielle. “Obeah, Vagrancy, and the Boundaries of Religious Freedom: Analyzing the
Proscription of ‘Pretending to Possess Supernatural Powers’ in the Anglophone Caribbean,” Journal of Law and Religion 32, no. 3 (2017): 423–448. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-law-and religion/issue/E9B9B4A389B5EDADE2FAB152710C398E
Brown, Vincent. Spiritual Terror and Sacred Authority in Jamaican Slave Society.
Slavery and Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies 24, no. 43 (2003): 24–53.
Brown, Vincent. Tacky’s Revolt: The Story of an Atlantic Slave War. Harvard University Press.
2020.
Burham, Michelle. “Obeah’s unproductive bodies: a response to ‘Obeah: knowledge, power
and writing in the early Atlantic world.’” Atlantic Studies. 12, no. 2 (2015): 235–243.
Caribbean Reparations Commission. 10 Point Plan.
https://caricomreparations.org/caricom/caricoms-10-point-reparation-plan/ August 2, 2023
Cassecanarie, Myal Djumboh. Obeah Simplified, The True Wanga! What It Really Is, And How
It Is Done! Port-of-Spain, [Trinidad, B.W.I.]:"Mirror" Off., and London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trűbner & Co., Ltd., 1895.
Chambers, Douglas B. “My own Nation: Igbo Exiles in the Diaspora.” Slavery and Abolition 18,
no. 1 (1997): 72–97.
Chambers, Douglas B. Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia. Jackson: University
Press of Mississippi, 2005.
Crowthers, S.A. Vocabulary of the Igbo Language. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
London, Charring Cross, 1882.
Crowthers, S.A. Vocabulary of the Igbo Language. Part II. English-Igbo. Society for Promoting
Christian Knowledge. London, Charring Cross, 1883.
de Laurence, William Lauron. The Great Book of Magical Art, Hindu Magic and East Indian
Occultism, and The Book of Secret Hindu, Ceremonial, and Talismanic Magic. Chicago, Ill: De Laurence Co., 1939.
Echeruo, Michael J.C. Igbo-English Dictionary: A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Igbo
Language with an English-Igbo Index. Longman Nigeria Plc: Lagos State, Nigeria. 2001.
Edwards, Bryan. The History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies.
London: printed for Crosby and Letterman 1799.
Eze, Gerald. “Ojafuturism.” Unpublished paper. Ichoku Academy, Akwa, Anambra State. Nigeria.
2023.
Eze, Gerald. "Ọbịa: The Healer." Igbo Rising. Gerald Eze Oja Performance. forthcoming 2024.
Gerbner, Katharine. ““They call me Obea”: German Moravian missionaries and Afro-Caribbean
Religion in Jamaica, 1754–1760,” Atlantic Studies: Global Currents 12, no.2 (2015): 160–178.
Handler, J. S. and K. M. Bilby. “On the Early Use and Origin of the Term ‘Obeah’ in Barbados
and the Anglophone Caribbean.” Slavery and Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave
Studies 22, no.2 (2001): 87–100.
Handler, Jerome. “Anti-Obeah Laws of the Anglophone Caribbean, 1760s to 2010. Virginia
Foundation for the Humanities Charlottesville, Virginia] 35th Annual Conference, Society for Caribbean Studies, International Slavery Museum, Liverpool 29 June-1 July, 2011
Henry, Paget. Caliban’s Reason: Introducing Afro Caribbean Philosophy. New York: Routledge.
2000.
Howell, Leonard (Maragh G.G.). The Promised Key. Introduced and Edited by E. S. P.
McPherson. Brooklyn, New York: A&B Publishers Group, 2001.
Iroegbu, Patrick “Igbo Medicine and Culture: The Concept of Dibia and Dibia Representation in
Igbo Society of Nigeria,”.http://chatafrik.com/articles/health-and-welfare/igbo-medicine-and-culture-the-concept-of-dibia-and-dibia-representation-in-igbo-society-of-nigeria. Accessed January 18, 2018
Johnston, Harry. The Negro in the New World. London: Methuen & Co., 1910
Kaunda, Mutale. “Mother Earth, Mother Africa and African Women’s Role in Indigenous
Religions.” The African Journal of Gender and Religion Vol. 27 No 1 (July 2021): 91–117.
Leslie, Charles. A New History of Jamaica: From the Earliest Accounts, to the Taking of Porto
Bello by Vice-Admiral Vernon. London: Printed for J. Hodges, 1740.
Lewis, Matthew Gregory. Journal of a West India Proprietor: kept during a residence in the island
of Jamaica. London: John Murray, 1834.
Livingstone, William Pringle. Black Jamaica: A Study in Evolution. London: S. Low, Marston and
Co., 1899.
Marley, Bob and the Wailers. “Babylon System.” Survival. Tuff Gong. 1977.
Northcote, Thomas. W. Anthropological Report of the Igbo Speaking Peoples of Nigeria. Part V.
Addenda to Igbo-English Dictionary. Harrison and Sons: London, 1914.
Nwafor, Nze Chukwukadibia E. “The Old Woman of Immense Wisdom: On the Mystical
Science Behind the Afa Akpụkpala Oracular System.” 2013. https://igbocybershrine.com/tag/ifa-divination/ Retrieved March 11, 2016
Nwafor, Nze Chukwukadibia E. Leopards of the Magical Dawn: Science and the Cosmological
Foundations of Igbo Culture. Morrisville, NC, USA: Lulu Press Inc, 2014.
Paton, Diana. “Obeah Acts: Producing and Policing the Boundaries of Religion in the Caribbean.”
Small Axe 28 March (2009): 1–18.
Patterson, Orlando. The Sociology of Slavery: An Analysis of the Origins, Development, and
Structure of Negro Slave Society in Jamaica. Rutherford [N.J.]: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1969.
Pollard, V., and L. Goodison. Dread talk: The Language of Rastafari. McGill: Queen’s
University Press, 2000.
Stewart, Dianne M. “African-Derived Religions in Jamaica: Polyvalent Repertoires of Culture
and Identity in the Black Atlantic.” Contours 3 (2005): 75–112.
Stewart, Dianne M. Three Eyes for the Journey: African Dimensions of the Jamaican Religious
Experience. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005b.
Stravinskas, Peter MJ. Catholic Encyclopedia. Our Sunday Visitor. Huntington, Indiana. 1991.
Tuelon, Alan. “Nanny-Maroon Chieftainess.” Caribbean Quarterly. 19, no.4 (1973): 20–27.
Umeh, John Anenechukwu. After God is Dibia: Igbo Cosmology, Divination and Sacred Science
in Nigeria. Vol. 1. London: Karnak House, 1997.
Umeh, John Anenechukwu. After God is Dibia: Igbo Cosmology, Divination and Sacred Science
in Nigeria. Vol. 2. London: Karnak House, 1999a.
Umeh, John Anenechukwu. The Igbo People: Their Origin and Culture Area. Enugu, Nigeria:
Gostak Print. & Pub. Co. 1999b.
Umeh, John Anenechukwu. The March of Igbo Civilization Vol 1. Lambert Academic Publishing.
Beau Bassin, Mauritius, 2017.
Umeh, John Anenechukwu. The March of Igbo Civilization Vol 2. Lambert Academic Publishing.
Beau Bassin, Mauritius, 2017b.
Usuanlele, Uyilawa. “Tracing the African Origins of Obeah (Obia): Some Conjectures and
Inferences from the History of Benin Kingdom.” West Bohemian Historical Review I, no.2
(2016): 165–184.
Warner-Lewis, Maureen. Central Africa in the Caribbean: Transcending Time, Transforming
Cultures. Kingston, Jamaica: University of West Indies Press, 2003.
Weaver, Karol K. Medical Revolutionaries: The Enslaved Healers of Eighteenth–Century Saint
Dominigue. University of Illinois Press: Urbana and Chicago, 2006.
Wedenoja, William and Claudette A. Anderson. “Revival: An indigenous Religion and Spiritual
Healing Practice in Jamaica,” in Caribbean Healing Traditions: Implications for Health and Mental Health, edited by Patsy Sutherland, Roy Moodley and Barry Chevannes, 128–139. New York and London: Routledge, 2014.
Wedenoja, William. “Mothering and the Practice of ‘Balm’ in Jamaica,” in Women as Healers:
Cross-Cultural Perspectives, edited by Carol Shepherd McClain, 76–97. New Brunswick:
Rutgers University Press, 1989.
Wedenoja, “W. Religion and Adaptation in Rural Jamaica.” Thesis Ph. D. Dissertation: University
of California, San Diego. Department of Anthropology, 1978.
Williamson, Kay. Dictionary of Ònìchà Igbo. 2nd Ed. Ethiope Press, 2006.
https://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger Congo/VN/Igboid/Igbo%20Dictionary.pdf
Wisecup, Kelly. “Knowing Obeah.” Atlantic Studies 10, no.3 (2013): 1–20.
Wisecup, Kelly and Toni Wall Jaudon. “On Knowing and not knowing about Obeah.” Atlantic
Studies. 12, no. 2 (2013): 129–143.
Article Sidebar
Published
Jul 31, 2024
Article Details
How to Cite
“[Obeah] Ọbịa by Igbo Spelling”: Affirming the Value of After God is Dibịa by John A. Umeh. (2024). African Journal of Gender and Religion, 30(1). https://doi.org/10.36615/mxnj5732
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The African Journal of Gender and Religion is an Open Access journal, therefore all content is freely available without charge to the user or institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of Open Access.
Licensing information
Creative Commons CC Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License
How to Cite
“[Obeah] Ọbịa by Igbo Spelling”: Affirming the Value of After God is Dibịa by John A. Umeh. (2024). African Journal of Gender and Religion, 30(1). https://doi.org/10.36615/mxnj5732